Satellite remote sensing for landslide analysis Dr. Sigrid Roessner - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Satellite remote sensing for landslide analysis Dr. Sigrid Roessner Helmholtz Center Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Department 1 Geodesy and Remote Sensing Section 1.4 Remote Sensing E-mail:
GFZ Potsdam Department 1
Hosts German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), Astrophysical Institute Potsdam (API) Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) Einstein Tower – Historical observatory
1832 Telegrafenberg is named after a station of an optical telegraph line built to link Berlin with Koblenz via Potsdam. 1870 Royal Prussian Geodetic Institute is founded in Berlin Geodetic Institute transferred to Potsdam - Friedrich R. Helmert established centre for geodesy and gravity research. 1889 First teleseismic recording taken of an earthquake near Japan by Ernst von Rebeur-Paschwitz. 1890 Geomagnetic Observatory is founded in Potsdam. 1892 Inauguration of the Geodetic Institute at the Telegrafenberg – today main building of Department 1 1946 Foundation of the Geotectonic Institute 1969 Establishment of Central Institute of Physics of the Earth (G.D.R.) 1992 Foundation of the GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam GFZ
Earth Energy (300 K) Wavelength Sun Energy (6000 K) Reflected Radiation from Sun
from Earth
Energy 0.3 0.6 1.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 10 20 40 60 0.1mm 0.2 0.5 1cm 1m 10 100
Microwaves Thermal Radiation
UV Blue Green Red IR
Kyrgyzstan (GCO) Yangtze China Spain Dead Sea Rift Israel Shanghai West Australia Germany RSA (GCO) Optical RS SAR / InSAR Iran Chile (PBO) Turkey (PBO) Namibia Brazil Caribbean Peru Mongolia
Due to the complexity of the processes over time various attempts of defintions have been made:
Movement of a mass of rock, debris or earth down a slope
Downward and outward movement of slope forming materials under the influence of gravity
preferred the term mass movement
distinguished this from mass transport as being a process which did not require a transporting medium such as water, air or ice (Dikau et al, 1996). In general, the phenomena described as landslides are not limited to either the “land” or to “sliding”, and usage of the word has implied a much more extensive meaning than it component parts suggest. Ground subsidence and collapse are excluded.
Source: http://www.ukgeohazards.info/pages/eng_geol/landslide_geohazard/eng_geol_landslides_index.htm
Landslide classification based on Varnes' (1978) system has two terms:
(1) Rock:
Hard or firm mass that was intact and in its natural place before the initiation of movement
(2) Soil:
An aggregate of solid particles, generally of minerals and rocks, that either was transported or was formed by the weathering
(3) Earth:
Material in which 80% or more of the particles are smaller than 2mm, the upper limit of sand sized particles.
(4) Mud:
Material in which 80% or more of the particles are smaller than 0.06mm, the upper limit of silt sized particles.
(5) Debris:
Contains a significant proportion of coarse material; 20% to 80% of the particles are larger than 2mm, and the remainder are less than 2mm. The terms used should describe the displaced material in the landslide before it was displaced. The types of movement describe how the landslide movement is distributed through the displaced mass (see next slide) Combining the two terms gives classifications such as Rock fall, Debris slide, Debris flow, Earth slide, Earth spread etc.
Source: http://www.ukgeohazards.info/pages/eng_geol/landslide_geohazard/eng_geol_landslides_classification.htm
(1) Falls:
A fall starts with the detachment of soil or rock from a steep slope along a surface on which little or no shear displacement takes place. The material then descends largely by falling, bouncing or rolling.
(2) Topples:
A topple is the forward rotation, out of the slope, of a mass of soil and rock about a point or axis below the centre of gravity of the displaced mass.
(3) Slides:
A slide is the downslope movement of a soil or rock mass occurring dominantly on the surface of rupture or relatively thin zones of intense shear strain.
(4) Flows:
A flow is a spatially continuous movement in which shear surfaces are short lived, closely spaced and usually not preserved after the event. The distribution of velocities in the displacing mass resembles that in a viscous fluid.
(5) Spreads:
A spread is an extension of a cohesive soil or rock mass combined with a general subsidence of the fractured mass of cohesive material into softer underlying material. The rupture surface is not a surface of intense shear. Spreads may result from liquefaction or flow (and extrusion) of the softer material.
(6) Complex Failures:
These are failures in which one of the five types of movement is followed by another type (or even types). For such cases the name of the initial type of movement should be followed by an "en dash" and then the next type of movement: e.g. rock fall- debris flow ( WP/ WLI, 1990).
Source: http://www.ukgeohazards.info/pages/eng_geol/landslide_geohazard/eng_geol_landslides_types.htm
Debris Flow Sierra Nevada California, 1996/97 Rockfall Yosemite Park California, July 1996
Landslide La Conchita (St. Barbara) California, 2005
Sources: USGS: Multilingual Landslide Glossary The landslide handbook
VC*
main body
Longitudinal fault zone
D
Transverse cracks Transverse ridges
Toe of surface
Radial cracks
Tip
Crown cracks
Sources: Varnes (1978), Multilingual Landslide Glossary (1993)
Schematic view of rotational landslide that has evolved into an earthflow
Further parameters for description:
active; suspended; re-activated; inactive
advancing; retrogressive;enlarging; diminishing; confined; moving; widening
complex; composite; successive; single; multiple
(see next slide) *HC/VC: ratio of horizontal to vertical distance from the toe to the crown of a landslide
Source: http://www.ukgeohazards.info/pages/eng_geol/landslide_geohazard/eng_geol_landslides_classification.htm
International Symposium on Landslides (Ed: Bonnard, C.), 1, 3-35. Rotterdam: Balkema
Transportation and Road Research Board, National Academy of Science, Washington D. C., 11-33.
the International Association of Engineering Geology, No. 41, 5-12.
the International Association of Engineering Geology, No. 43, 101-110.
movement of a landslide. Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology, No. 52, 75-78.
Inventory in 1993.
216 p.
Source: http://www.ukgeohazards.info/pages/eng_geol/landslide_geohazard/eng_geol_landslides_index.htm
Source: http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1325/
snowmelt and related infiltration
earthquakes
neotectonic setting
Magnitude probability Temporal probability Spatial probability after Guzzetti et al. 2005
A: Basic datasets required B: Susceptibility and hazard modeling component C: Vulnerability assessment component D: Risk assessment component
After Van Westen et al. (2008) Spatial data for landslide susceptibility, hazard, and vulnerability assessment: An overview
C = Critical data set, H = highly important, M = moderately important, and L = Less important, – = Not relevant
Source: Van Westen et al. (2008) Spatial data for landslide susceptibility, hazard, and vulnerability assessment: An overview
T I B E T TARIM PAMIR ARABISCHE HALBINSEL
Arabisches Meer Bengalisches Meer
1000 km
Repeated GPS measurements of CATS GFZ network resulted in NNW to SSE shortening rates of ca. 2cm/year
94-96-98
65°E 75°E 35°N 45°N
20 mm/yr, 95% conf.
85°E 0.8°/Myr Kashi
Kashi-Aksu Th.
Aksu Korly
Kara Kul
TFF T F F
A L R CHR FGB
Tarim Tien Shan Pamirs Kasagh shield Tibet
KUCH BLZH Fergana B.
GPS vectors with respect to ‘stable’ Eurasia – derived from the 90-sites GFZ GPS network covering 1200 by 1800 km. Data provide direct evidence of current high rates of tectonic deformation far north of the India-Eurasia suture zone. (Reigber et al., 2001)
Damages caused by the December 25th Kochkor 5.8 earthquake
(pictures taken by CAIAG Bishkek)
Population: ca. 5 Million people Minimum elevation: 135 m Size: 198,500 sq.km (25 people/sq.km) Maximum elevation: 7439 (Pik Pobedy) Rainfall: 250 – 300 up to 1500 mm 94% of country above 1000 m (7% arable land)
MODIS RGB bands 4‐3‐1 (32 days composite: 7th of July through 8th of August 2001)
Background and needs:
(e.g., 1994: about 1,000 landslides failed and 115 people were killed; 2008: Nura earthquake M=6.6, 75 people were killed and 150 injured, 90 glacial lakes endangered for regularly occurring ouburst floods)
hazard assessment.
characteristics for large areas with limited ground data availability. Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOF) Deep‐seated landslides Earthquakes
GFZ Potsdam Section 1.4 – Remote Sensing
PhD Stundents: Robert Behling, Daria Golovko, Kanayim Teshebaeva Southern Kyrgyzstan: high landslide activity along the Eastern rim of Fergana Basin Due to ongoing tectonic activity high seismicity and frequent occurrence of large landslides in populated areas Main objectives:
for objective hazard assessment
monitoring of slope movements
Landslides reported by Ministry of Emergency Situations of Kyrgyzstan between 2005 and 2010 Areas of known landslide activity Study area for landslide analysis at regjonal scale
Landslides represent most severe natural hazard in Southern Kyrgyzstan (200 victims between1990 and 2010) Systematic landslide investigation limited to years between 1968 and 1992 Big need for continuation
and objective spatially differentiated hazard assessment
Rapid displacement of quaternary loess during 15 minutes period in March 1994 (50 victims) Displacement of clay-rich tertiary sediments during period of several days in June 1998
Rotational landslide complex of Sary Bulak – failure of Tertiary sediments (sandstone, clay) in June 1998 of more than one million cubic meters, destroyed house indicates ongoing activity of landslide (field pictures taken in August 1998)
2 2 4 3 100 15 32 17 21 25 22 5 19 47 53 31 13 10
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Source: MELESHKO, Kyrgyz Ministry for Emergency Situations, 2008
snowmelt and related infiltration
earthquakes
neotectonic setting
Magnitude probability Temporal probability Spatial probability after Guzzetti et al. 2005
PRISM, MOMS-2P, ASTER) and radar (SRTM X-Band and C-Band) satellite data
snowmelt and related infiltration
earthquakes
neotectonic setting
Magnitude probability Temporal probability Spatial probability after Guzzetti et al. 2005
Acquisition of interferometric SAR data from space shuttle
http://www.dlr.de/srtm/level1/howto_en.htm Instrument / C - Band X - Band Data provider NASA-JPL DLR Global coverage yes yes between 60°N and 54°S completeness full stripes
30 m 30 m released resolution 90 m 30 m worldwide absolute accuracy (90% error.) geolocation (horizontal) 10 m 20 m height (vertical) 7 m 16 m relative accuracy (90% error) geolocation (horizontal)
height (vertical) 7 m 6 m
High accuracy geodetic GPS measurements Orientation of corner reflectors during mission
in cooperation with State Cartography Service of Kyrgyzstan
transformation of WGS-84 coordinates in State coordinate system of Kyrgyzstan
ERS-1/2 mission in cooperation with State Cartography Service of Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan by mobile receiving station in Kitab (Uzbekistan) operated by DLR and GFZ Potsdam between March and June 1999
mission in real-time for the different recordings
Statistics of elevation differences between GPS check points (85) and DEM: Minimum:
Maximum: 38,1 m Mean:
Stdev.: 21,4 m
Statistics of elevation differences between GPS check points (63 points) and DEM: Minimum:
Maximum: 11,3 m Mean: 0,5 m Stdev.: 4,9
Statistics of elevation differences between GPS trafo (25) / check points (29) and DEM: Tafo- Check-Points Minimum:
Maximum: 20,7 m 33,9 Mean:
3,4 Stdev.: 9,0 m 12,6
MOMS-2P ortho image data R: 7, G: 4, B: 1; 18m pixel size Shaded relief of 30m DEM with extracted river network (solid lines) Extracted watersheds (minimum size 250.000 m2 ) dashed line – ancient landslide
2 km
MOMS-2P DEM (50 m) of Upper Maili-Suu river valley More than 10 Million m3 of displaced material - tertiary and quaternary sediments Kotchkor-Ata: View to main scarp (width ca. 500 m) Occurrence in spring 1994, photo July 1999 Landslide Tectonic – lower part, photo September 2002
Kotchkor-Ata Foto left 5 km Foto below Tectonic
QII QI QIII QIV C
Geological Map1:200.000 - Red arrow depicts landslide
Panorama of field pictures taken in August 2000
Dshalal-Abad
5 km
1 km
Shear elements Landslides* Youngest accumulations Mine tailings Izolit Plant Mountain top *1 Tectonic 2 Koy-Tash
1 km
Kotschkor-Ata
1 2
cutting the anticline (red lines)
strike-slip fault
extensional fractures (yellow line)
fractures and occurrence of landslides