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Local and remote laser sensing Local and remote laser sensing of - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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st th , 2006 Tomsk , , July July 1 1 st 8 8 th , 2006 Tomsk Local and remote laser sensing Local and remote laser sensing of bio- -optical parameters optical parameters of bio in natural w aters in natural w aters Luca FIORANI

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Italian Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment Italian Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment Luca FIORANI Luca FIORANI and Antonio PALUCCI and Antonio PALUCCI Tomsk Tomsk , , July July 1 1 st

st –

– 8 8 th

th, 2006

, 2006

Local and remote laser sensing Local and remote laser sensing

  • f bio
  • f bio-
  • optical parameters
  • ptical parameters

in natural w aters in natural w aters

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 2 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

PLAN PLAN

  • ELF (remote)

– Principle: laser induced fluorescence (LIF) – Application: oceans

  • CLASS (local)

– Principle: laser scanning flow cytometry – Application: natural waters (from wells to oceans)

  • CASPER (local)

– Principle: LIF with double filtration and double excitation (patent pending) – Application: natural waters (from wells to oceans)

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 3 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

ELF ELF

  • ELF: Enea Lidar Fluorosensor

– Transmitter: frequency-tripled Nd:YAG laser (1) – Receiver: Cassegrain telescope (2) – Detection: optical fibers (3), bandpass filters (4), photomultiplier tubes (5) 1 2 3 45

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 4 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

ELF: oceanographic campaigns ELF: oceanographic campaigns

  • 5 in Antarctica, 2 in the Italy-New Zealand transect

– ELF is on board the Research Vessel Italica

Container (inner) Container (outer)

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 5 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

ELF: data ELF: data

  • Raman scattering by water (1) → transparency
  • Fluorescence of CDOM, phycoerytrin, chl-a (2) →

concentration of phytoplankton-related substances

  • Fluorescence of chl-a before & after a pump (3) →

in vivo phytoplankton fluorescence yield

  • PAR (4) → electron transport rate

4 3 2 1

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 6 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

ELF: thematic maps ELF: thematic maps

  • Many calibrated and georeferenced measurements

Ross Sea Italian base

December 1997 – January 1998

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 7 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

ELF: advantages ELF: advantages

  • Vs satellite radiometer

– Insensitive to cloud covers

  • r ice debris

– Accurate in turbid waters – Free from atmospheric corrections – Operational H24

  • Vs in situ sampler

– Closer to the satellite coverage and resolution

ELF is a “connecting ring” merging the accuracy of in situ samplers and the coverage of ocean color satellite radiometers

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 8 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

ELF: comparing w ith radiometers ELF: comparing w ith radiometers

  • MODIS-Terra and ELF

– 18th Italian Campaign (01/05 – 03/04, 2003) – Daily L3 products (~ 4 km × 4 km) – Averaging of ELF data in a pixel (~ 4 km × 0.1 m)

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 9 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

ELF: comparing w ith radiometers ELF: comparing w ith radiometers

  • MODIS-Terra and ELF

– 258 pixels are crossed by ELF 1270 times in 14 days – 14 “simultaneous” measurements – Weight = SQRT (# of pixels × # of crossings) – Slope without and with weights: 0.67 and 0.93

MODIS-Terra underestimates chl-a

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 10 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

ELF: calibrating ELF: calibrating chl chl-

  • a algorithm

a algorithm

  • SeaWiFS and ELF

– 16th Italian Campaign (01/05 – 02/26, 2001) – 8-day L3 products (~ 9 km × 9 km, 8 days) – Averaging of ELF data in a pixel (~ 9 km × 0.1 m)

LOG10(chl-a) LOG10(R490/R555)

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 11 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

ELF: calibrating ELF: calibrating chl chl-

  • a algorithm

a algorithm

  • SeaWiFS and ELF

– Concurrent measurements: 1523 – Standard algorithm weakly

  • verestimates high

chl-a, strongly underestimates low chl-a

standard ELF-calibrated

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 12 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

ELF: calibrating PP algorithm ELF: calibrating PP algorithm

  • Ross Sea calibration

– BF (Behrenfeld and Falkowski 1997), S (Smith et al 2000) – New PP estimates are similar in algal blooms, higher in oligotrophic waters

standard chl-a & BF difference ELF-calibrated chl-a & S

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 13 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

ELF: calibrating CDOM algorithm ELF: calibrating CDOM algorithm

  • SeaWiFS and ELF

– 18th Italian Campaign, 8-day L3 products, averaging of ELF data in a pixel – Concurrent measurements: 854 – Correlation between chl-a and aCDOM(440) (season)

CDOM chl-a

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 14 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

ELF: conclusions ELF: conclusions

  • Accuracy of in situ samplers and coverage of

satellite radiometers have been merged by shipborne lidar.

  • Present estimates of chl-a and PP should be

reviewed in the Antarctic coastal environment.

  • SeaWiFS-based CDOM retrieval is feasible.
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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 15 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

CLASS CLASS

  • CLASS: Citometro LASer in flusso a Scansione

(laser scanning flow cytometer)

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 16 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

CLASS: a Siberian story! CLASS: a Siberian story!

  • Laser scanning flow cytometry (LSFC)

– Introduced in Novosibirsk by Maltsev et al – Laser (1), from the top, and sample (2), from the bottom, are collinear – Detection time of the scattered light (3), collected by the mirror (4), and scattering angle are related

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 17 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

CLASS: system CLASS: system

  • CLASS

– System

  • ptics

electronics hydrodynamics

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 18 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

CLASS: system CLASS: system

  • CLASS

– Optics indicatrix trigger laser cuvette

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 19 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

CLASS: system CLASS: system

  • CLASS

– Optical scheme

Cuvette x y z IF Mirror Mirror Mirror (with hole) diode laser Mirror Mirror L1 L2 Pinhole (100 µm) PMT Iris (3 mm) PMT Objective 250 230 35 50 20 200 220 18 210 70 40 405 nm

trigger indicatrix

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 20 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

CLASS: system CLASS: system

  • CLASS

– Cuvette

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 21 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

CLASS: results CLASS: results

  • First indicatrix

– July 14th, 2005: 2 µm spherical latex particles

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 22 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

CLASS: results CLASS: results

  • 2 µm spherical latex particles

– Size (3) and refractive index (4) are computed by theoretical fits (2) on the measured indicatrices (1) 1 2 3 4 1.95±0.1 1.63±0.02

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 23 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

CLASS: results CLASS: results

  • Penicillium Italicum

– Size (3) and refractive index (4) are computed by theoretical fits (2) on the measured indicatrices (1) 1 2 3 4 2.6±0.4 1.56±0.10

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 24 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

CLASS: results CLASS: results

  • Marine Synechocystis

– Size (3) and refractive index (4) are computed by theoretical fits (2) on the measured indicatrices (1) 1 2 3 4 1.0±0.8 1.7±1.6 1.55±0.13

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 25 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

CLASS: results CLASS: results

  • All particles

– The Synechocystis sample was old

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 26 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

CLASS: perspectives CLASS: perspectives

  • Phase 1: scattering

– Size and refractive index: done trigger indicatrix

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 27 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

CLASS: perspectives CLASS: perspectives

  • Phase 2: fluorescence

– Pigments: preliminary results fluorescence

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 28 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

CLASS: perspectives CLASS: perspectives

  • Phase 3: polarization

– Shape: preliminary results polarization

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 29 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

CLASS: perspectives CLASS: perspectives

  • Phase 4: multiple excitation (pump and probe)

– Fluorescence yield: lasers under construction multiple excitation

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 30 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

CLASS: conclusions CLASS: conclusions

  • CLASS, a new laser scanning flow cytometer,
  • perates at the ENEA Research Center in Frascati
  • Laser scanning flow cytometry has been applied for

the first time to marine particles (August 2nd, 2005)

  • Fluorescence and polarization channels have been

implemented

  • In the near future multiple excitation will be added,

thus enlarging the characterizing capabilities of marine particles by CLASS

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 31 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

CASPER CASPER

  • CASPER: Compact and Advanced laser

SPEctrometer for Riade (RIADE is an Italian project to combat desertification)

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 32 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

CASPER: principle CASPER: principle

  • Laser induced fluorescence (LIF)

– Emission spectrum of Synecochoccus leopoliensis excited at 355 nm

400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 500 1000 1500 2000 Chlorophylls Phycoc yanin Phycoeritrin Carote noids Water Raman

LIF intensity [rel. un.] Wavelength [nm]

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 33 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

CASPER: principle CASPER: principle

  • Double filtration (30 and 0.2 um)

– Discrimination of particulate and dissolved matter

  • Double excitation (266 and 405 nm)

– Detection of oils, PAH and proteins (266) and CDOM, chl-a and other algal pigments (405)

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 34 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

CASPER: hardw are CASPER: hardw are

Spectrometers Nd:YAG Laser Diode Laser Cuvettes Filters Power supply Pumps & valves USB hub Water in & out RS232 Optical fibers

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 35 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

CASPER: softw are CASPER: softw are

  • Remote control

– Battery, lasers, shutters, pumps and valves are controlled from the laptop (left)

  • Data acquisition

– Spectra are acquired from the laptop (right)

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 36 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

CASPER: emission spectra CASPER: emission spectra

  • CDOM

– Sensitivity: about 0.1 mg/l

  • Chlorophyll-a

– Sensitivity: about 0.1 ug/l Excited at 266 nm Excited at 405 nm

The chl-a peak disappears after ultrafiltration

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 37 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

CASPER: Sicily Campaign 2005 CASPER: Sicily Campaign 2005

  • Licata and Siracusa, May 22 – 27, 2005

– 81 samplings: GPS, conductivity, temperature, pH, chlorophyll-a and CDOM (CASPER)

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 38 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

CASPER: Sicily Campaign 2005 CASPER: Sicily Campaign 2005

  • Chl-a

– Licata, May 22 – 25, 2005

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 39 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

CASPER: Sicily Campaign 2005 CASPER: Sicily Campaign 2005

  • CDOM

– Licata, May 22 – 25, 2005

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 40 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

CASPER: Sicily Campaign 2005 CASPER: Sicily Campaign 2005

  • CDOM and conductivity (salinity)

irrigation sea intrusion Conductivity CDOM

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 41 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

CASPER: conclusions CASPER: conclusions

  • CASPER, an innovative laser spectrofluorometer,

has been developed at the ENEA Research Center in Frascati (patent pending)

  • CASPER operated during a field campaign in Sicily

(May 22 – 27, 2005)

  • CASPER data will improve our understanding of

salinization and desertification

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 42 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

Acknow ledgements Acknow ledgements

  • The authors are deeply grateful to R. Barbini,
  • F. Colao and R. Fantoni for their involvement
  • The contribution of P. Aristipini, E.S. Artamonov,
  • L. De Dominicis, D. Del Bugaro, A. De Nicolais,
  • D. Ferrante, M. Galli, R. Giovagnoli, I. Menicucci and
  • D. Rapti-Caputo is kindly acknowledged
  • A special thank is addressed to the best “sotware

developer” we know: I.G. Okladnikov

  • This work has been supported by CNR, ENEA,

NASA, NATO and PNRA

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Tomsk, July 1st 2006 43 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters

Thank you for your attention Thank you for your attention… … … … it it’ ’s time to answ er your questions s time to answ er your questions… … … … and to thank the organizers! and to thank the organizers!