Remote Sensing and Optical Imaging/Sensing -- Applications on Rice - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Remote Sensing and Optical Imaging/Sensing -- Applications on Rice - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Remote Sensing and Optical Imaging/Sensing -- Applications on Rice -- Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn NSTDA Research Fellow National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC) National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA)

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Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science

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Remote Sensing and Optical Imaging/Sensing

  • - Applications on Rice --

Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn

NSTDA Research Fellow

National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC) National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) Ministry of Science and Technology, Thailand

E-mail: sarun.sumriddetchkajorn@nectec.or.th

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Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science

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We would like to acknowledge all staff from Rice Department of Thailand

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Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science

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We should choose the right spectra with appropriate sensing & systems to answer theNeeds in each agricultural application Reminder from the 1st Lecture  Simplicity in Design and Implementation  Ease of Use and Operation  Affordability  Scalability

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Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science

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Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science

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Thai Hom Mali Rice

  • Thai jasmine rice or Khao Dawk Mali (KDML105)
  • Good cooking quality
  • Impressive fragrance
  • One of the most popular rice varieties
  • USD 1.73 Billion export
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Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science

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Nitrogen (N) Deficiency Issue

N is one of the important elements for growth of rice crops

To help balance between the real N demand of rice and N available from soil and additional fertilizers

  • Cost of rice crop is high
  • Efficiency of N fertilizer is degraded
  • The risk of NO3 pollution is high

To achieve high yields

Farmers apply too much N fertilizer disadvantage

Several groups try to use tools and management plans in monitoring the N status of the rice field

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Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science

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Based on the fact that…

Chlorophyll content

strongly correlated

Leaf N concentration

  • Expensive
  • in a few-thousand USD
  • Transmissive operation
  • both sides of the leaf under the

evaluation are clean and no defect

disadvantage

  • Chlorophyll meter
  • A simple
  • Fast
  • Non-destructive way

Proposed approach:

advantage

: 650 nm + 940 nm

SPAD

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Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science

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  • Leaf Color Chart (LCC)
  • Very cheap (USD1)
  • No waste produced
  • Easy to use

Low-cost approach:

advantage

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Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science

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A more accurate but not expensive tool is needed

Incorrect visual reading of colors Improper application of N fertilizers

leads to

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Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science

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Our Solution

Analyzed Scattering Light from Leaf

LED

562-nm

Si-Photodetector Microcontroller

controlling and processing

Simple Electrical Noise Rejector

+ + +

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Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science

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6x1 LED Panel “Measure” Button Plastic Clip Holder

PVC material; 25-mm wide; one arm 60-mm long;

  • ther arm 30-mm long; 8-tilted angle

Measuring Area

Ø5-mm

  • A compact 4012025-mm3 plastic box
  • 120 grams of weight
  • ~USD39 of total cost

Red LED

Low battery alarm/ Measuring status

Outside View of Our Low-Cost LED-based Leaf Color Meter Prototype

  • S. Sumriddetchkajorn and Y. Intaravanne, Optics and Lasers in Engineering, Vol. 53, pp. 179-184, February 2014.
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Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science

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Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science

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y = 8.3469x2 - 14.2468x + 6.4994 R2 = 0.979 y = 1.1828x2 - 10.946x + 8.1912 R2 = 0.977

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 Voltage Visibility Color Level

VV = (Vmeas-Vdark)/Vdark

Calibration Curve

Stored in Our Prototype

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Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science

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Examples of fertilization rates:

  • Tillering Stage

Color level < 3: Urea fertilizer 12 kg/rai Color level = 3: Urea fertilizer 8.5 kg/rai Color level > 3: Urea fertilizer 5 kg/rai

  • Panicle Initiation Stage

Color level < 3: Urea fertilizer 16 kg/rai Color level = 3: Urea fertilizer 12.5 kg/rai Color level > 3: Urea fertilizer 9 kg/rai

  • High accuracy with 6 levels of color
  • Low energy consumption:

5VDC 20 mA (operating mode) 5VDC 10 mA (standby mode)

  • Compact and lightweight:

(WxLxH) 40×120 ×25 mm3 120 grams

Features

Bai-Khao: Nitrogen Esitmator for Rice Field

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Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science

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How to deliver to all farmers?

  • Easy to scale it up
  • Fast calibration
  • Fast delivery
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Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science

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Mobile Device-based Nitrogen Estimator for Rice Field

  • Y. Intaravanne and S. Sumriddetchkajorn, Proc. SPIE, Vol. 8558, pp. 85580F, Beijing, China, November 2012.
  • Y. Intaravanne and S. Sumriddetchkajorn, Comp. Elect. in Agriculture, Vol. 116, pp. 228-233,2015.
  • High accuracy with 5 color levels of

the rice leaf

  • Estimation of potassium deficiency
  • Operated
  • n

a mobile device equipped with at least Android 2.2

  • perating system

Features Examples of fertilization rates:

  • Tillering Stage

Color level < 3: Urea fertilizer 12 kg/rai Color level = 3: Urea fertilizer 8.5 kg/rai Color level > 3: Urea fertilizer 5 kg/rai

  • Panicle Initiation Stage

Color level < 3: Urea fertilizer 16 kg/rai Color level = 3: Urea fertilizer 12.5 kg/rai Color level > 3: Urea fertilizer 9 kg/rai

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Average Weight  0.0213 g/grain Average Length  0.772 mm/grain Average Width  0.206 mm/grain

CNT1 PTT1

Average Weight  0.0174 g/grain Average Length  0.723 mm/grain Average Width  0.209 mm/grain

Mixed Mixed

KDML105

Average Weight  0.0216 g/grain Average Length  0.734 mm/grain Average Width  0.216 mm/grain

Problem

  • False mixture with other rice

varieties having similar dimensions and weight/seed as well as amylose content

  • Unqualified milled rice products for export
  • Unwanted rice seed for next plants

Unwanted Mixture of Rice Varieties

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Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science

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Widely Used Destructive Identification Methods

Spreading 1 Spreading 5

  • Alkaline Spreading Value
  • DNA Technology

Advantage

  • 100% accuracy

Disadvantages

  • Expensive
  • Time consuming (3-5 days)

Advantages

  • ~ 70% accuracy

KDML105 CNT1

For example

Level 6-7  Level 5

Disadvantage

  • Time consuming (at least 23 hrs.)
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Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science

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KDML105 High amylose rice

  • Iodine Binding Technique

Advantage

  • Easy

Disadvantage

  • Good for only rice varieties

having large difference in amylose content

  • Boiling Technique

Advantage

  • Easy
  • ~ 90% accuracy

Disadvantages

  • Time consuming

(at least 17 minutes)

  • High energy

consumption

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Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science

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Current Non-Destructive Identification Methods

  • Reflectance Near Infrared Spectroscopy
  • Slow
  • Needs Complicated mathematical analysis
  • Slow
  • Suitable for milled rice grains with large difference in amount
  • f amylose content or level of glutinousness
  • Photoluminescent Technique
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Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science

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Our Need

  • No Waste Produced

(i.e., non destructive approach)

  • Fast Enough
  • Moderate Accuracy

How ?

High Energy Excitation

(induced fluorescent radiation)

Multispectral Imaging Technology and Analytics

(only two-wavelength is needed)

+

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Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science

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Our Proposed Rice Breed Identification System

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Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science

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Acquires Image at a Desired Wavelength Spectrum Image Thresholding Filtering Done? Locations of KDML105 Milled Rice Grains Blob Filtering Image Normalization Start End Yes No Area Filtering Perimeter Filtering Eccentricity Neural Network Analysis

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CNT1: Chai Nat 1 HPSL: Hom Pitsanulok HSPR: Hom Supanburi KDML105: Khao Dawk Mali 105 PTT1: Pathumthani 1 RD6: Thai Sticky Rice RD15: Ko Kor 15 RD23: Ko Kor 23

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UVC Light Source Milled Rice Grains 2-D Camera Tunable Optical Filter Camera Lens UV Block Filter

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Image under Visible Light Fluorescent Image

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Thai Jasmine Rice Identification System

Accuracy: 80% Calculation time: 25 ms

  • K. Suwansukho, S. Sumriddetchkajorn and P. Buranasiri, Applied Optics, Vol. 50, No. 21, pp. 4024-4030, July 2011.

Fluorescent Imaging + Neural Network Analysis Improvement is still needed for practical use

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Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science

33 Disadvantages  Requires a well-trained person  Takes a long time (20 seconds) to measure for one rice sample

Quality Control of Rice Seeds/Grains

  • Physical Dimensions Parameter
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Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science

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Width Length Thickness

Mirror Rice Slot Handle

  • S. Sumriddetchkajorn, Y. Intaravanne, and S. Chanhorm, Proc. SPIE, Vol. 8883, pp. 88830M, Chonburi, Thailand, May 2013.

Proposed Solution

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Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science

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S-Rice: Rice Quality Analyzer

  • Simultaneous analysis of width, length, thickness of rice grains
  • Simultaneous analysis of width, length, and thickness of rice seeds
  • Fast and high accuracy
  • Future analysis relates to Yellowish and Chalkiness of Rice Grains

Key features:

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Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science

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  • Unwanted sticky and red rice seeds in non-glutinous rice seeds

Sticky Rice? Nonglutinous Rice? Red Rice?

Analyzes Light Passing through Rice Seeds

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Proposed Solution

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C-Rice: Rice Seed Quality Analyzer

  • Identification of non-glutinous rice seeds from unwanted sticky and red rice seeds
  • Fast and high accuracy

Key features:

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Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science

39 shoot root Embryo: The shoot and the root parts of a seedling Endosperm: Food needed for germination Nutrition -> Embryo: protein, fat, dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals Endosperm: starch (almost 80%), sugar, protein, and fat

  • Size of Embryo/Endosperm

Physical Dimensions are related to Healthiness of Seedling and Nutrition

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Destructive Approaches

http://eujime.com.my (2014)

  • J. Cereal Sci. 59, 211–218

(2014)

By hands then manually measuring By machines then manually measuring

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Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science

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Proposed Arrangement of a Two-Dimensional Embryo Area Estimator

Light Source Linear Polarizer 2 Sample Lens Module Smart-Mobile Device Application Program Linear Polarizer 1

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Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science

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Rice Color Image Rice Color Image Blue Plane Image Blue Plane Image Thresholding Method Thresholding Method Blob Analysis Method Blob Analysis Method

Proposed Processing Steps

for separating and analyzing embryo and endosperm areas

Contour of Embryo

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KDML 105 PSL 2 PTT 1 RD 47 RD 41

The Result of Automatic Measurement

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Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science

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A-Rice: Rice Embryo Analyzer

  • Area analysis of the

embryo and endosperm

  • Fast and high accuracy

Key features:

  • Y. Intaravanne, S. Sumriddetchkajorn, K. Chaitavon, S. Chanhorm, P. Pongsoon, and A. Prasertsak, Proc. SPIE, Vol. 9273, pp. 92730T, Beijing, China, October.

2014.

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Rice Variety Manual Measurement Our Approach %Em %En %Em %En STD %Em %En STD KDML 105 6.6 93.4 1.09 7.1 92.9 1.90 7.9 0.6 PSL 2 6.4 93.6 1.28 6.4 93.6 1.33 0.0 0.0 PTT1 7.4 92.6 1.56 6.8 93.2 1.93 8.3 0.7 RD 47 6.9 93.1 1.48 7.4 92.6 1.55 6.9 0.5 RD 41 7.8 92.2 1.66 8.1 91.9 1.72 4.1 0.3

% = |(Manual-Auto)|100/Manual %Em = The percentage of embryo area %Em = The percentage of endosperm area

Result Comparison between Manual Measurement and Our Prototype

Error < 9%.

Causes of Error

  • Fragment tissues left: they looks like the embryo area under our

proposed approach

  • Change of orientation of rice grain: image contrast is reduced
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Sarun Sumriddetchkajorn, Feb. 13, 2019: Winter College on Applications of Optics and Photonics in Food Science

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Conclusion

  • Nitrogen (N) Deficiency Issue
  • Unwanted Mixture of Rice Varieties
  • Quality Control of Rice Seeds and Grains

With examples of Real Needs

Optical imaging/sensing can answer

Photonics Electronics Computer Science Chemistry Biology Mechanics To make the ideas/concepts practical Prototype Design UI/UX