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• Dr. Rizati Hamidun,

Malaysia Institute of Road Safety Research (MIROS) Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

Source: Zegeer & Bushell (2011)

RIS ISK FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO PEDESTRIAN CRASH

RISK

CRASH RISK

• 1. WHAT?

2.WHO?

• 3. WHEN?

4.WHERE?

• 5. HOW?

WHAT?

INJURY

RISK = probability/threat of damage, loss, injury

• r any negative impact

RISK OF VRU CRASH

WHAT?

FATALITY

PEDESTRIAN CRASH

• Every year, about 1.35 million

people died resulted from road crashes and between 20-50 million suffer non-fatal injuries (WHO, 2018)

• More than half of all road deaths are

among vulnerable road users: pedestrians, cyclists & motorcyclists

• More than 270,000 pedestrian killed

every year and constitute of 22% of the world road crashes deaths (WHO, 2013).

Source: Naci et al. (2009)

• Pedestrian have a higher risk of death per kilometre

travelled and become a large portion of road victims in low income and middle income country (WHO, 2013).

Source: PDRM, 2017 ❑The fatality rate of pedestrians in

Malaysia is the third highest after motorcyclists and car drivers

PEDESTRIAN CRASH IN MALAYSIA

5277 pedestrians died in 10 years

WHO?

WHO?

WHO AT RISK? Those who travel on foot;

• pedestrian
• wheelchair
• skateboard
• bicyclist

WHO?

Vulnerability of those travel on foot

• Higher risk of fatality & injury when involved in a road crash
• Those who are not protected by metal body (vehicle)

Source: Wramborg, 2005

PEDESTRIAN BEHAVIOUR

394 2 2 586 7 17 27

Walking/Playing on carriegeway Jogging Handicapped Careless Crossing Drugs Intoxication Not Using Pedestrian Crosing Infirmity

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Pedestrian Casualties By Movement Behaviour

Total Casualties

Reasons for the majority of pedestrian casualties are careless crossing and walking/playing on carriageway:

❑ Disobey traffic light ❑ Jaywalking ❑ Dash out ❑ Misjudgement of speed or gap ❑ No/improper facility provided

Source: PDRM, 2015

BEHAVIOUR: Jaywalking Pedestrian

• Crossing outside of crosswalk or

jaywalking is technically violating spatial crossing compliance

• Jaywalk is unexpected situation to

drivers that affecting driving judgement through shortening their reaction time (Zheng et al. 2015).

• Lack of supervision of children
• Reasons of jaywalk?
• Longer walking distance to the

provided facility

• Save time
• Presence of bus stop
• Norm

BEHAVIOUR: Drivers disrespect & violation

• Running red light – high

approaching speed/dilemma zone

• Vehicles stop at crosswalk
• Not slow down/giving way for

pedestrian

• Driver distractions
• Unsafe driving practices

WHEN?

WHEN?

• ON ROAD
• OFF ROAD

RISK WHEN THEY CROSS THE ROAD

RISK ON ROAD

PROVISION OF PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES

ISSUES:

• Inappropriate location of facility
• No channelization: by fencing,

walkway

• Unclear ROW
• Lack of speed control
• Not consider special need:

children/wheelchair/blind

• Lack of pedestrian footpath
• Improper crossing facility: Signs &

road markings

WHERE?

WHERE?

At location with HIGH NUMBER of CROSSING PEDESTRIANS

• Shopping Area
• Public Transit
• School Area

WHERE?

HIGH RISK CROSSING ON ROAD WITH FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS;

• High volume of vehicles
• High vehicle speed
• High volume of HV
• Wider road, high number of lanes
• Absence of traffic control – traffic light
• No/lack provision of pedestrian facilities
• Poor lighting – low visibility of pedestrians

HOW?

HOW?

HOW IT HAPPEN? When pedestrians meet vehicle at the SAME TIME & SAME PLACE

SAME TIME + DIFFERENT PLACE = NO CRASH DIFFERENT TIME + SAME PLACE = NO CRASH

HOW?

IMPACT OF COLLISION

Momentum = mass (m) x velocity (v)

• the sum of the momentum of the two objects before the collision is

equal to the sum of the momentum of the two objects after the collision

Before Crash

mvcar + mvped

After Crash Car stop, mvcar = 0 Pedestrian hit car, thrown & hit ground, mvped increase

= mvcar + mvped

IMPACT OF COLLISION

Momentum = mass (m) x velocity (v)

Before Crash

mvcar + mvped = mvcar + mvped

After Crash Higher mcar = increase severity Higher vcar = increase severity

IMPACT OF COLLISION

Human body tolerance to impact is limited and severity influenced by:

• Impact speed
• Type of vehicle
• Stiffness & shape of

vehicle

• Parts of body
• Different age group
• Height of pedestrian
• Standing position

Source: Yang,2002

IMPACT OF SPEED

HIGH SPEED = HIGH IMPACT

27

IMPACT OF MASS

BIG MASS = BIG IMPACT

vs

5.6 times fatality risk

Source: Hamidun(2017)

Heavy Vehicle Van/car/motorcycle

PREVENTION?

CONSIDER YOU AS PEDESTRIAN

We as pedestrians, NOT them as pedestrian What if..i’m a child What if..I’m old What if..I’m blind What if..I’m on wheelchair

CONSIDER YOU AS PEDESTRIAN

• What is the best/safe way to cross..
• How to protect yourself from being hit by vehicle…

Zebra crossing Pedestrian signal sign walkway Pedestrian linked bridge

Presented by :

• Dr. Rizati

Hamidun

Presented by :

• Dr. Rizati Hamidun

Research Officer

Road Safety Engineering and Environment Research Centre,

Malaysia Institute of Road Safety Research (MIROS), Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia www.miros.gov.my

FOR YOUR ATTENTION

+603-8924 9200

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