Powe r a nd Confide nc e F lo re nc e Cla rk, PhD, OT R/ L , F - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Powe r a nd Confide nc e F lo re nc e Cla rk, PhD, OT R/ L , F AOT A AOT A Pre side nt-E le c t Asso c ia te De a n a nd Pro fe sso r USC Divisio n o f Oc c upa tio na l Sc ie nc e a nd Oc c upa tio na l T USC Di i i f O ti l S i
F lo re nc e Cla rk, PhD, OT R/ L , F AOT A AOT A Pre side nt-E le c t Asso c ia te De a n a nd Pro fe sso r USC Di i i f O ti l S i d O ti l T h USC Divisio n o f Oc c upa tio na l Sc ie nc e a nd Oc c upa tio na l T he ra py a t the Ostro w Sc ho o l o f De ntistry
By the ye a r 2017… y y AOT A e nvisions tha t oc c upa tiona l the ra py is a powe rful, wide ly re c og nize d, sc ie nc e - drive n, a nd e vide nc e - ba se d profe ssion with a profe ssion with a g loba lly c onne c te d a nd dive rse workforc e me e ting soc ie ty’s g y
e a de rship role in he a lthc a re
e a de rship role in he a lthc a re de live ry syste m
duc a tion a s ba sis for powe r
se rvic e s
pra c tic e s
I ONALT HE RAPY’ S RE L AT I ONSHI P WI T H
R
R
Histo ric a lly, o c c upa tio na l the ra pists ha ve no t b e e n
y p p
c omforta ble with b e ing po we rful
Why the une a se ?
Oppo site o f c a ring Ma sc
line a ttrib te
Ma sc uline a ttrib ute Asso c ia te d with do mina tio n
RF UL
RF UL
) i ti t 1) Ha ving o r e xe rting g re a t po we r o r fo rc e 2) Po te nt e ffic a c io us 2) Po te nt, e ffic a c io us 3) Ha ving g re a t e ffe c tive ne ss 4) Ha ving g re a t po we r, a utho rity
T he Ra ndo m Ho use Una b ridg e d Dic tio na ry o f E ng lish L a ng ua g e , 1967
RL E SS
RL E SS
1) Una b le to pro duc e a n e ffe c t 2) L a c king po we r to a c t; he lple ss
T he Ra ndo m Ho use Una b ridg e d Dic tio na ry o f E ng lish L a ng ua g e , 1967
T T I NG C OMF ORT ABL E WI T H T HE I DE A OF
I NG POWE RF UL
1) Po we r is ne ithe r g o o d no r b a d 2) “Ho w a n individua l use s o r misuse s po we r ultima te ly c o lo rs the pe rc e ptio n o f po we r in the vie w o f o the rs” c o lo rs the pe rc e ptio n o f po we r in the vie w o f o the rs” (Ulric h, 1987)
E mpo we re d pra c titio ne rs e xpe rie nc e mo re jo b sa tisfa c tio n E mpo we re d pra c titio ne rs e xpe rie nc e mo re jo b sa tisfa c tio n, a re le ss like ly to b urn o ut, a nd pro duc e b e tte r pa tie nt
RL E SS PROF E SSI ON
Pra c tic e de c isio ns c o ntro lle d b y o the rs una b le to e xe rc ise full Pra c tic e de c isio ns c o ntro lle d b y o the rs, una b le to e xe rc ise full po te ntia l, po o rly pa id.
DI CI NE T YPI CAL L Y BE E N
DI CI NE T YPI CAL L Y BE E N MORE “ POWE RF UL” T HAN NURSI NG?
T ALHI E RARCHI E S
T ALHI E RARCHI E S
Me dic ine Nursing
Cho se whe the r o r no t to a dmit
pa tie nts
Auto no mo us o f ho spita l
a dministra tive struc ture a dministra tive struc ture
Uppe r c la ss/ we ll-c o nne c te d,
e tc .
HE ME DI CALPROF E SSI ON AND POWE R
HE ME DI CALPROF E SSI ON AND POWE R
Atta ine d do minio n in 19th c e ntury Atta ine d do minio n in 19
c e ntury
Unive rsity tra ining fo r MDs (a c c e ss to po we r e lite a nd
we a lth thro ug h ne two rking )
Po litic a l vo ic e thro ug h c re a tio n o f pro fe ssio na l a sso c ia tio n Po litic a l vo ic e thro ug h c re a tio n o f pro fe ssio na l a sso c ia tio n Re g ula tio n/ lic e nsure
Na nc a rro w a nd Ba rthwic k (2005)
HE ME DI CALPROF E SSI ON AND POWE R
HE ME DI CALPROF E SSI ON AND POWE R
(CONT
I NUE D)
E
mb ra c e d ne te c hno lo g ie s (e g a ne sthe sia )
E
mb ra c e d ne w te c hno lo g ie s (e .g . a ne sthe sia )
Mo no po ly e na b le d c o ntro l o f o the r he a lth pro fe ssio ns
(limiting the ir sc o pe s) ( g )
Gro wth o f ho spita l me dic ine Se t up c le a rly de fine d hie ra rc hie s
Na nc a rro w a nd Ba rthwic k (2005)
S ST RUGGL E WI T H E MPOWE RME NT
T
HE C ASE F OR NURSE S HAVI NG BE E N AN O PPRE SSE D
T
HE C ASE F OR NURSE S HAVI NG BE E N AN O PPRE SSE D
G ROUP
N
i l ti hi hi hi l/
Nursing re la tio nships a re hie ra rc hic a l/
c o mpe titive
Ma nipula tio n Ma nipula tio n Ho rizo nta l vio le nc e T
a lking a b o ut e a c h o the r a nd fa ilure to suppo rt e a c h o the r during c o nflic t
Di
t t d t d t
Disre spe c t to wa rd stude nts
*No te : F
Ga sta ldo , 2002; Po nte (2007); Bra db ury-Jo ne s e t a l. (2008). Sie lo ff, 2004; Bra dy, 2004
E NTOF PRACT I CE POWE R
E NTOF PRACT I CE POWE R
Cha ra c te ristic s o f a Pro fe ssio n Cha ra c te ristic s o f a Pro fe ssio n Pro fe ssio na l Auto no my Auto no my = the
y fre e do m to a c t o n wha t
de c isio n ma king de c isio n ma king
Ob struc te d b y: Org a niza tio na l Org a niza tio na l
a dministra to rs
Me dic a l sta ff
(Manojlovich, 2007)
T
RADI T I ONAL C OMPONE NT S OF PROF E SSI ON-
T
RADI T I ONAL C OMPONE NT S OF PROF E SSI ON
BUI
L DI NG
Re c ruiting we ll E duc a ting the m a t we ll po sitio ne d pe o ple the m a t pre stig io us unive rsitie s Sc ie nc e - drive n ti A stro ng f i l pra c tic e a ppro a c he s pro fe ssio na l a sso c ia tio n
HE PROF E SSI ONALPRACT I CE ARE NA I S A
T L E GROUND
Mo st pro fe ssio ns e ng a g e in turf-wa rs
Ac c o unta nts vs. la wye rs Nurse s vs me dic a l lo b b y Nurse s vs. me dic a l lo b b y Physic ia ns vs. insura nc e c o mpa nie s
T
L
Pro fe ssio na l va c a nc ie s
T S VACANCY MODE L
Pro fe ssio na l va c a nc ie s
A so c ie ta l ne e d e me rg e s Autism e pide mic ,
re turning wo unde d so ldie rs
A pro fe ssio n c a n no lo ng e r
susta in c o ntro l o ve r o ne o f its pra c tic e a re a s
OT
in US me nta l he a lth
T
L
A pro fe ssio n’ s we a ke ne d
T S VACANCY MODE L
A pro fe ssio n s we a ke ne d
po sitio n c a n re sult fro m:
Ma npo we r sho rta g e s Po litic a l fo rc e s Po litic a l fo rc e s Sc ie ntific e vide nc e tha t
a no the r pro fe ssio n c a n b e mo re e ffe c tive mo re e ffe c tive
I SMI C SHI F T S I N US OT
I CE DOMAI NS
I SMI C SHI F T S I N US OT
I CE DOMAI NS
Source: American Occupational Therapy Association, Inc., 2000 member survey
C L
AI MI NG A NE W OT
PROF
E SSI ONAL JURI SDI CT I ON
C L
AI MI NG A NE W OT
PROF
E SSI ONAL JURI SDI CT I ON
pra c tic e :
De ve lo pe d a no ve l sc ie ntific g ro unde d a ppro a c h De ve lo pe d a no ve l sc ie ntific g ro unde d a ppro a c h SI
T pro vide d justific a tio n to e xpa nd o ur pra c tic e in sc ho o l b a se d OT
I SMI C SHI F T S I N US OT
I CE DOMAI NS
I SMI C SHI F T S I N US OT
I CE DOMAI NS
ATU
NI VE RSI T I E S, DI SCI PL I NE S C OMPE T E F OR SCARCE
RE
SOURCE S
i i i
i i i i
e me rg e d (E ng lish, So c io lo g y, Ma the ma tic s)
c rimina l justic e e nviro nme nta l studie s g e nde r c rimina l justic e , e nviro nme nta l studie s, g e nde r studie s, spo rt studie s
de ntistry (tra ditio na lly ma le -do mina te d) de ntistry (tra ditio na lly ma le do mina te d)
wo rk, nursing (tra ditio na lly fe ma le -do mina te d)
SOURCE
S OURCE S OF OF POWE R F OR ACADE MIC DISCIPL INE S
me e ting s prize s a nd a wa rds size me e ting s, prize s a nd a wa rds, size
uition- supporte d re ve nue ba se pp
K P T A KINDS OF POL
IT ICAL T E NSIONS IN ACADE MIA
H re se a rc h ve rsus tra ditio na l fo rms o f sc ho la rship
lit ti tit ti h
pe rspe c tive o n illne ss f i
C L
ASSI CALT YPOL OGY OF POWE R
(F
RE NCH AND RAVE N, 1959)
1) Re wa rd po we r: b a se d o n the a b ility to re wa rd
2) C i b d th b ilit t i h 2) Co e rc ive po we r: b a se d o n the a b ility to punish
3) L e g itima te po we r: po sitio n o r o ffic ia l po we r 4) Re fe re nt po we r: b a se d o n ide ntific a tio n, c ha risma 5) E xpe rt po we r: b a se d o n kno wle dg e o r skill tha t ) p p g c a n he lp a no the r to me e t his o r he r g o a ls
T I CALSOCI AL T HE ORY
T I CALSOCI AL T HE ORY
1) E mpha sis on Powe r Struc ture
Ba se s o f po we r a re pre stig e , sta tus, so c ia l c la ss, e tc .
ma nc ipa tio n: wo me n winning the rig ht to vo te T h i fl f l b i
he influe nc e o f la b o r unio ns
(Bra db ury-Jo ne s, e t a l.,2008; Ma no jlo vic h, 2007)
O RGANI
ZAT I ONAL/ MANAGE ME NTT HE ORY
O /
2) E mpha sis on Conte xt/ E nvironme nt E nvironme nt
struc ture s (pa rtic ula rly to p/ do wn)
do ne
1 Ac c e ss to re so urc e s 1. Ac c e ss to re so urc e s 2. Ac c e ss to suppo rt a nd de c isio n ma king 3 I nfo rma tio n 3. I nfo rma tio n 4. Oppo rtunity fo r a dva nc e me nt
jo b de sc riptio n
(Bra db ury-Jo ne s, e t a l.,2008; K a nte r, 1993; L a sc hing e r a nd Ha ve ns, 1996;
5. Whe re yo u a re o n the
Ma no jlo vic h, 2007)
S P SOCI
ALPSYCHOL OGI CAL
T
HE ORI E S 3) E mpha sis on Individua ls’ Pe rsona litie s
y wha te ve r it ta ke s to a c hie ve the ir a ims
Pe rso na l e ffic a c y; de te rmina tio n; vig ila nc e ; se lf c o nfide nc e ; e tc .
h t hunt
(Ma no jlo vic h, 2007; Spre itze r, 1995; Quinn & Spre itze r, 1997; K
uo kka ne n & L e ino -K ilpi, 2000)
RUCT URALT HE ORI E S
RUCT URALT HE ORI E S
4) E mpha sis on L
t a lso wo rks b o tto m- Po we r is no t distrib ute d to p do wn. I t a lso wo rks b o tto m up a nd la te ra lly.
i di id l t h th i b di i fl th i individua ls, to uc he s the ir b o die s, influe nc e s the ir e ve ry a c tio n, the ir wo rds, the ir e ve ryda y live s in e ve ryda y c o nte xt.” (F
(K
Co nsume r a llia nc e s
(F
1. Childho o d Co nte xt – so c ia l c la ss, pla c e 2. Spo rts (Me ssne r, 1992) 3. E duc a tio na l pe dig re e (Co o kso n & p g ( Pe rse ll, 1985) 4. I nte rnships with pe o ple in po we r
NG A POWE R SE L F-ASSE SSME NT
(BASE
D ON PONT E, E TAL., 2000)
1) Ho w do I de fine my po we r? 2) Am I c o mfo rta b le thinking a b o ut myse lf a s b e ing po we rful? 3) Wha t a re the po we r dyna mic s in the 3) Wha t a re the po we r dyna mic s in the
wo rk? 4) Ho w do o the r de pa rtme nts a nd disc ipline s ) p p vie w o c c upa tio na l the ra py’ s po we r in the se tting whe re I wo rk?
NG A POWE R SE L F ASSE SSME NT
NG A POWE R SE L F-ASSE SSME NT
(C ONT
I NUE D)
5) Do I po sse ss se lf-c o nfide nc e ? 6) Am I a po we rful o c c upa tio na l the ra pist? 7) Wha t stra te g ie s c a n I use to inc re a se my po we r? 8) Wha t stra te g ie s do my c o mpe tito rs use to diminish my po we r? 9) Are the o c c upa tio na l the ra pist le a de rs whe re I wo rk vie we d a s po we rful?
NG A POWE R SE L F ASSE SSME NT
NG A POWE R SE L F-ASSE SSME NT
(C ONT
I NUE D)
10) Do e s the se tting whe re I wo rk e na b le me to a c c o mplish my a ims witho ut c o nstra ints?
in the c o rre c t pla c e o n the o rg a niza tio na l c ha rt?
ne e d?
ha ve o ppo rtunitie s fo r a dva nc e me nt?
a t the ta b le whe n impo rta nt de c isio ns a re ma de ? (tho se tha t impa c t OT ) (tho se tha t impa c t OT )
s the will o f o the r pro fe ssio na ls o fte n impo se d o n me ?
pe rmitte d e ve n e nc o ura g e d to do func tio ns b e yo nd
pe rmitte d, e ve n e nc o ura g e d to do func tio ns b e yo nd my jo b de sc riptio ns?
HE I NDI VI DUALL E VE L:
HE I NDI VI DUALL E VE L:
Publish! Publish! Publish! E
nsure the stra te g ic use of your suc c e sse s
P bli R l ti Public Re la tions Clie nts a s a sourc e of powe r
(Po lla rd, Sa ke lla rio u, & K ro ne nb e rg , 2008)
HE SOCI E T ALL E VE L:
HE SOCI E T ALL E VE L:
B f t d i f h Be a wa re o f c urre nt drive rs o f c ha ng e a s the y re la te to po we r De ve lo p stra te g ie s to b e re spo nsive to tre nds:
Se c ure le a de rship po sitio ns Re a lize yo u o pe ra te within a we b o f po we r
re la tio ns
“T hro ug ho ut o ur da ily live s po litic s de te rmine who g e ts wha t T hro ug ho ut o ur da ily live s, po litic s de te rmine who g e ts wha t, whe n, a nd ho w. Po litic s ha s b e e n de fine d a s the ‘ pro c e ss o f influe nc ing the a utho rita tive a llo c a tio n o f sc a rc e re so urc e s’ (Kalisc h & Kalisc h, 1982).” re so urc e s (Kalisc h & Kalisc h, 1982). Q t i f Ab d 2007 6 Quo te is fro m Ab o o d, 2007, p. 6
E
a c h o c c upa tio na l the ra pist is like p p a distinc t po int in a Se ura t pa inting
Distinc t ye t vita l in its c o ntrib utio n Distinc t, ye t vita l in its c o ntrib utio n
to the la rg e r ima g e
E
a c h pe rson
E
a c h pe rson pla ys a vita l role in how role in how
profe ssion a s a whole !
Ac kno wle dg e the ir
g po we r to do so me thing a nd the n pro c e e d to a dva nc e p the ir g o a l
T
a ke a dva nta g e o f the o ppo rtunitie s the y se e
D
t l th
Do no t re ly o n the
a ppro va l o f o the rs to a ffirm the ir ide ntity
De ve lop your c a pa c itie s. Arm
De ve lop your c a pa c itie s. Arm
yo urse lf with mo re skills a nd kno wle dg e (e vide nc e -b a se d pra c tic e ) pra c tic e )
Avoid the tra p:
unde re stima ting your impa c t g y p a s a the ra pist. T
a ke sto c k o f yo ur a b ilitie s a nd ta le nts
T
hink hig hly of yourse lf a nd of the work you do. F
a c c o mplishme nts yo u ha ve a c hie ve d in yo ur pra c tic e — a nd sha re the m!
(Pric e & Sto ne , 2004).
(T e tlo c k, 2005)
Vo lunte e rs we re a wa rde d
c a sh if the y c o rre c tly y y g ue sse d the we ig ht o f individua ls fro m lo o king a t pho to g ra phs
Vo lunte e rs we re mo re
like ly to b uy the o pinio n o f a dviso rs who we re mo re c o nfide nt o f the ir a nswe rs
So urc e : (Aldho us P., 2009)
T he motiva ting influe nc e
a nd not pre c ise a nd c a libra te d knowle dg e
Are We or Othe r He a lth Profe ssions T a inte d By Arrog a nc e ? T a inte d By Arrog a nc e ?
C l Wi t i PhD PT F APT A Car
, F APT A 40th Mc Millan L e c tur e :
“I i
i ti h f i di l
“I imagine a time whe n our
pr
mor e se lf‐c onfide nc e , than ar r
whe n we c an antic ipate c hange and se e k
tunitie s with nimble ne ss r athe r than with r igidity and isolation.” r igidity and isolation.
Conte xt: Disc ussio n o f the la c k o f o ppo rtunitie s
d i tit ti ithi h i l th t a nd institutio ns within physic a l the ra py to suppo rt the re se a rc h a rm o f the pro fe ssio n
(Winste in, 2009)
Oc c upa tiona l T he ra py a nd Powe r
po we r: a re vie w o f the lite ra ture Australian Oc c upatio nal T he rapy po we r: a re vie w o f the lite ra ture . Australian Oc c upatio nal T he rapy Jo urnal, 48(1), 24-34.
a nd the pro fe ssio na l ide ntitie s o f o c c upa tio na l the ra pists. Australian i Oc c upatio nal T he rapy Jo urnal, 54, 95-102.
Jo urnal o f Oc c upatio nal T he rapy, 64(3), 153-154.
t is time fo r
http:/ / www.me ta o t.c o m/ b lo g s/ %5Buse r%5D-6.
N (2005) P t ti f i l id titi
Se rvic e use r invo lve me nt a nd o c c upa tio na l the ra py. British Jo urnal
he rapy, 68(1), 45-47.
. J. (1993). Oc c upa tio na l sc ie nc e : A ne w so urc e o f po we r , ( ) p p fo r pa rtic ipa nts in o c c upa tio na l the ra py. Jo urnal o f Oc c upatio nal Sc ie nc e , Australia, 1(1), 3-10.
Issue s of E mpowe rme nt
e sc hing e r, H.K . (2004). T e sting the struc ture o f psyc ho lo g ic a l e mpo we rme nt: Do e s g e nde r ma ke a diffe re nc e ? struc ture o f psyc ho lo g ic a l e mpo we rme nt: Do e s g e nde r ma ke a diffe re nc e ? E duc atio nal and Psyc ho lo g ic al Me asure me nt, 64, 861-877.
rvine , F . (2008). Po we r a nd e mpo we rme nt in nursing : A fo urth the o re tic a l a ppro a c h. Jo urnal o f Advanc e d Nursing , 62(2), 258-266. g , 6 ( ), 58 66
he wo me n in the ir ra nks. T he Ne w Yo rk T ime s Mag azine , 19 No ve mb e r 1995.
he prac tic e o f e ve ryday life (S Ra nda ll T ra ns )
he prac tic e o f e ve ryday life . (S. Ra nda ll, T ra ns.). Be rke le y, CA: Unive rsity o f Ca lifo rnia Pre ss.
a nung o , R.N. (1988). T he e mpo we rme nt pro c e ss: I nte g ra ting the o ry a nd pra c tic e . Ac ade my o f Manag e me nt Re vie w, 13, 471-82.
b o arding sc ho o ls. Ne w Yo rk: Ba sic Bo o ks
a ise r L R (2007 No ve mb e r 28) He alth pro mo tio n and the future o f he alth
a ise r, L . R. (2007, No ve mb e r 28). He alth pro mo tio n and the future o f he alth c are . K e yno te a ddre ss pre se nte d a t the Na tio na l Pre ve ntio n & He a lth Pro mo tio n Summit, Wa shing to n, D.C.
Issue s of E mpowe rme nt (c ont.)
uo kka ne n, L ., & L e ino -K ilpi, H. (2000). Po we r a nd e mpo we rme nt in i i f i nursing : T hre e the o re tic a l a ppro a c he s. Jo urnal o f Advanc e d Nursing , 31(1), 235-241.
uo kka ne n, L ., Suo mine n, T ., Ra nkine n, S., K ukkura ine n, M. L ., Sa vikko , N., & Do ra n D (2007) Org a niza tio na l c ha ng e a nd wo rk-re la te d & Do ra n, D. (2007). Org a niza tio na l c ha ng e a nd wo rk re la te d e mpo we rme nt. Jo urnal o f Nursing Manag e me nt, 15, 500-507.
a sc hing e r, H. K . S., F ine g a n, J., Sha mia n, J., & Wilk, P. (2004). A lo ng itudina l a na lysis o f the impa c t o f wo rkpla c e e mpo we rme nt o n wo rk ti f ti C di J l f N i L d hi 17(4) 88 105 sa tisfa c tio n. Canadian Jo urnal o f Nursing L e ade rship, 17(4), 88-105.
masc ulinity. Bo sto n, MA: Be a c o n Pre ss.
Dime nsio n, me a sure me nt, a nd va lida tio n. Ac ade my o f Manag e me nt Jo urnal, 38, 1442-1465.
he ro a d to e mpo we rme nt: Se ve n q ue stio ns e ve ry le a de r sho uld c o nside r. Org anizatio nal Dynamic s, 26 (2), 37-49.
Issue s of Powe r in Nursing
nflue nc ing he a lth c a re in the le g isla tive a re na . OJI N T h O li J l f I i N i 12(1) R t i d S t b 19 2008 OJI N: T he Online Jo urnal o f I ssue s in Nursing , 12(1). Re trie ve d Se pte mb e r 19, 2008, fro m http:/ / www.nursing wo rld.o rg / Ma inMe nuCa te g o rie s/ ANAMa rke tpla c e / ANAPe rio di c a ls/ OJI N/ T a b le o fCo nte nts/ Vo lume 122007/ No 1Ja n07/ tpc 32_216091.a spx.
ro m no vic e to e xpe rt: E xc e lle nc e and po we r in c linic al nursing prac tic e (Co mme mo ra tive e ditio n). Uppe r Sa ddle Rive r, NJ: Pre ntic e Ha ll He a lth.
c ha ng e . British Jo urnal o f Anae sthe tic & Re c o ve ry Nursing , 8(4), 75-78. g J & y g , 8( ), 75 78
he nurse ’ s dile mma. No rth Yo rk, Onta rio , Ca na da : Ca na dia n Nursing Adviso ry Co mmitte e .
b h M A S l li M & Ah di F (2004) A lit ti t d f I i
. (2004). A q ua lita tive study o f I ra nia n nurse s’ unde rsta nding a nd e xpe rie nc e s o f pro fe ssio na l po we r. Human Re so urc e s fo r He alth, 2 (9). Re trie ve d fro m http:/ / www.huma n-re so urc e s- he a lth.c o m/ c o nte nt/ 2/ 1/ 9.
Advanc e d Nursing , 38, 557-565.
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