Modelling t he Cont ribut ion St ruct ure Underlying Requirement s - - PDF document

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Modelling t he Cont ribut ion St ruct ure Underlying Requirement s - - PDF document

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1 Modelling t he Cont ribut ion St ruct ure Underlying Requirement s Orlena Got el & Ant hony Finkelst ein NFR memo RSD n.8 v.3 v. 66 REFSQ 94 2 To Avoid I nit ial Quest ions (1)... Requirement s Traceabilit y (RT) ref ers t

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REFSQ ‘94

Modelling t he Cont ribut ion St ruct ure Underlying Requirement s

Orlena Got el & Ant hony Finkelst ein

1 RSD

  • v. 66

memo n.8

NFR v.3

REFSQ ‘94

To Avoid I nit ial Quest ions (1)...

“ Requirement s Traceabilit y (RT) ref ers t o t he abilit y t o describe & f ollow t he lif e of a requirement in bot h a f orwards & backwards direct ion” (i.e., From it s origins, t hrough it s development & specif icat ion, t o it s subsequent deployment & use, & t hrough all periods of on-going ref inement & it erat ion in any of t hese phases)

2

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REFSQ ‘94

To Avoid I nit ial Quest ions (2)...

“Post -RS Traceabilit y is concerned wit h t hose aspect s of a requirement ’s lif e t hat result f rom it s inclusion in t he RS” “Pre-RS Traceabilit y is concerned wit h t hose aspect s of a requirement ’s lif e prior t o it s inclusion in t he RS” (i.e., Requirement deployment ) (i.e., Requirement product ion)

3 REFSQ ‘94

To Avoid I nit ial Quest ions (3)...

“Sof t ware Qualit y (SQ) is t he:

  • Tot alit y of f eat ures & charact erist ics of a

sw product t hat bears on it s abilit y t o sat isf y given needs

  • Degree t o which sw possesses a desired

combinat ion of at t ribut es

  • Degree t o which a cust omer or user perceives

t hat sw meet s his/ her composit e expect at ions

  • Composit e charact erist ics of sw t hat

det ermine t he degree t o which t he sw in use will meet t he expect at ions of t he cust omer”

4

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REFSQ ‘94 5

An Overview...

Relat ion bet ween RT & SQ:

  • How post -RS t raceabilit y can improve SQ
  • How pre-RS t raceabilit y can improve SQ

Requirement s Cont ribut ion St ruct ure:

  • What it is
  • Pot ent ial f or qualit y improvement

Workshop quest ions (sort of ) answered

REFSQ ‘94

Relat ion Bet ween RT & SQ...

6

Qualit y-orient ed development :

  • Specif y reqs
  • Use t o drive, cont rol & evaluat e process

SQ inf luenced by t echniques/ t ools used f or RT Qualit y assurance/ conf ormance checks:

  • Meet s user needs & adheres t o qualit y at t ribut es
  • Support ed by met hods/ t echniques/ paradigms/ pract ices
  • Approaches depend on some f orm of RT
  • RT is primary qualit y-enabling t echnique

Process t race Reqs

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REFSQ ‘94

Post -RS Traceabilit y & SQ (+)...

7

RSD

s0 s1 sn

reqs art if act s produced (relat ed t o reqs deployment process) Ef f ect s of changing qualit y reqs can be analysed/ propagat ed Qualit y reqs can permeat e development Can check qualit y conf ormance at each phase

REFSQ ‘94

Post -RS Traceabilit y & SQ (-)...

Why does sw st ill f ail t o meet ant icipat ed levels of SQ? Def n SQ support ed - “ meet ing t he RSD” - no guarant ee

8

Reasons: User sat isf act ion subj ect ive/ collect ive / f ew met rics Def n SQ/ met rics change/ const ruct ed downst ream Poor f oundat ion t o achieve/ assess SQ Deals wit h rest rict ed phases of a reqs lif e Problems:

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REFSQ ‘94

Pre-RS Traceabilit y & SQ (+)...

9

Foundat ion t o achieve & assess SQ RSD changes reqs art if act s produced (relat ed t o reqs product ion process) Change f rom source & re-propagat e t hrough ALL phases Qualit y-orient ed approaches built in f rom onset

REFSQ ‘94

Pre-RS Traceabilit y & SQ (-)...

10

2 aspect s of QA act ivit ies Loss of commit ment I mpact on SQ not account ed f or Done out

  • f cont ext

Organisat ion-relat ed Document at ion-relat ed Done by

  • t her part ies

Subj ect of much work Basic working pract ice End-product cent red I dent if y t hose in a posit ion t o assess qualit y/ address def ect s I nf o about RE process document ed/ st ruct ured/ maint ained/ navigable

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REFSQ ‘94

Traceabilit y of Requirement s Cont ribut ors & Cont ribut ions...

11

Model social inf rast ruct ure of RE process - as qualit y: Socially def ined Socially accept ed Socially evaluat ed

I can t race personnel I can ident if y sources of reqs-relat ed work We can ident if y sources

  • f reqs

We can locat e personnel I can ident if y sources of reqs-relat ed inf o REFSQ ‘94

Our Work (1)...

12

Requirement s:

  • Ongoing def init ion & re-def init ion
  • Evolvable & emergent
  • I nf erence & int errogat ion

Model Cont ribut ion St ruct ure underlying reqs art if act s

Basic Concept s

Development of CS:

  • I nf er f iner-grained social capacit ies & commit ment s
  • I mpact of t axonomy of int ra/ int er-art if act relat ions

Augment wit h agent det ails:

  • Schema of analyt ical capacit ies in which cont ribut e
  • Def ined t hrough int eract ive mark-up
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REFSQ ‘94

Our Work (2)...

13 Document or Principal Aut hor Art if act Cont ribut ed_t o Cont ribut ed_by

(A) Def ine cont ribut ion f ormat of art if act

General Approach

P: agent whose posit ion or belief is est ablished by t he inf ormat ion t he art if act expresses A: agent responsible f or choosing & organising t he cont ent & st ruct ure of t he art if act D: agent responsible f or physical manif est at ion

  • f t he art if act (i.e., capt ures or records it )

REFSQ ‘94

Our Work (3)... General Approach

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Artifact P A D P A D P A D P A D

Art if act

Cont ribut ion f ormat of art if act & int ernal component s Collect ion of PAD agent s:

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REFSQ ‘94 Art if act

P A D P A D P A D P A D

14 REFSQ ‘94

Our Work (4)... General Approach

(B) I nf er cont ribut ion roles of agent s wrt art if act

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Represent at ive Aut hor Sponsor Nominal Aut hor True Aut hor Ghost Aut hor Relayer P A D Deviser

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REFSQ ‘94

Our Work (5)...

Cont ribut ion roles of agent s Examples:

General Approach

16

P = Olly A = Olly D = Dave Olly is: Deviser Dave is: Relayer

}

P = Olly A = P addy D = P addy} Olly is: Sponsor Paddy is: Represent at ive P = Olly A = Olly D = Olly Olly is: True Aut hor

}

1 2 3

REFSQ ‘94

Our Work (6)... General Approach

(C) I nf er agent commit ment t o art if act

17

True Aut hor:

P hysical appearance Ant icipat ed/ realised ef f ect St ruct ural f orm Semant ic cont ent P hysical appearance Ant icipat ed/ realised ef f ect St ruct ural f orm Semant ic cont ent P hysical appearance Ant icipat ed/ realised ef f ect St ruct ural f orm Semant ic cont ent

Deviser: Relayer:

  • Who t o involve/ inf orm in queries/ changes:
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REFSQ ‘94

Our Work (7)... More Det ails

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Qualif iers (or modes) f or cont ribut ion f ormat I nf er more about t ypes/ degrees of commit ment :

  • Principal st at us (signat ory-relat ed)

approved/ pending/ not approved

  • Document or st at us (mood-relat ed)

assumpt ive/ emphat ic quot at ive/ report ive indef init e/ quest ioning

  • Aut horial st at us (relat ed t o int er/ int ra art if act links)

primary - creat or n-ary - adopt er/ adapt er/ ref erencer

xy xyz doc doc REFSQ ‘94

Our Work (8)... Current Direct ions

19

Markup t o overlay cont ribut ion f ormat , et c. Support ing CS evolut ion & maint enance:

  • Augment art if act -based t raceabilit y t o

deal wit h associat ed CS at each st ep

  • Rules t o recomput e & updat e CS

Meet ing t raceabilit y reqs:

  • Use of layers f or select ive t races
  • Priorit y st ruct s f or change handling

Tool t o evaluat e & ref ine approach

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REFSQ ‘94

Summarising Qualit y I mplicat ions...

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Qualit y depends on post -RS & pre-RS Traceabilit y Furt her leverage if t ie people int o t he t raceabilit y equat ion Modelling CS provides t raceabilit y of cont ribut ors & t heir cont ribut ions:

  • Fine/ rapid locat ion of personnel t o perf orm QA

act ivit ies, address qualit y def ect s, et c.

  • Cont inuous def n, redef n, assessment &

re-assessment of SQ t hroughout a proj ect ’s lif e

REFSQ ‘94

Quest ions (1)...

q1

Traceabilit y Of what (inf ormat ional requirement s) I n what way (access & present at ional requirement s)

&

Depends on Who want s it (user charact erist ics) Why t hey want it (t ask charact erist ics) When t hey want it (proj ect & cont ext ual charact erist ics) Q: What is t he “right ” dat a t o be made t raceable?

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REFSQ ‘94

Answers (1)...

a1

A: No such t hing as “right ” dat a - only required dat a More pert inent quest ions we should ask: (1) How can we ident if y required dat a?

  • More empirical st udies wit h

proj ect -specif ic select ion (11) How can we deal wit h absence of required dat a?

  • Provide pot ent ial f or

inf ormal communicat ion

t oo much!!! REFSQ ‘94

Quest ions (2)...

q2

Q: Who/ what should record t race dat a? Q: When should t race dat a be recorded? Q: How should t race dat a be recorded?

  • Manually
  • Aut omat ically
  • Those involved/
  • t hers/ f orms
  • Technology
  • During

process

  • Lat er

reviews

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REFSQ ‘94

Answers (2)...

a2

  • RT = a t eam-shared ef f ort
  • RT = a comput er-assist ed act ivit y

A: Aut omat ically record all t hat is pract ical as by- product of mainst ream act ivit ies

  • Supplement wit h manual input

A: Do eager & lazy recording as compliment ary

  • Balances obj ect ive & subj ect ive

A: Use t echnical solut ions (f orms, et c.) t o record where possible as reqs f or provider/ end-user conf lict

  • Consolidat e wit h part icipant s

Q becomes how best t o combine approaches?

REFSQ ‘94

Quest ions (3)...

q3

Seal

  • f

Qualit y

Q: How can all t his improve qualit y? Q: Where are t he examples

  • f qualit y improvement ?
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REFSQ ‘94

Answers (3)...

a3

Why no/ f ew examples?

  • The vit al f irst st ep of educat ion is only j ust beginning

Wit h RT - Qualit y can be built in f rom proj ect onset Examples?

  • Repeat ed calls f or RT improvement s by indust ry

indicat es RT must impact SQ posit ively

& t hat ’s

  • ur j ob!

RT & SQ

REFSQ ‘94

More Quest ions...

How can we rescue t hose proj ect s in which RT inf o has not been managed & maint ained? RT solut ions assume a cent ralised inf o base - will t hese solut ions apply if t he inf o base is dist ribut ed? When is our next cof f ee break?

last

??? ??? ??? ???

but not least