Cont r ibut ion St r uct ur es ... Addr essing t he Cr ux of t he Requir ement s Tr aceabilit y Pr oblem Olly Got el & Ant hony Finkelst ein (a) Analysis of t he RT Pr oblem (b) Modelling Cont r ibut ion St r uct ur es 1 To Avoid I nit ial Quest ions... “ REQUI REMENTS TRACEABI LI TY (RT) r ef er s t o t he abilit y t o descr ibe & f ollow t he lif e of a r equir ement in bot h a f or war ds & backwar ds dir ect ion” (i.e., f r om it s or igins, t hr ough it s development & specif icat ion, t o it s subsequent deployment & use, & t hr ough all per iods of on-going r ef inement & it er at ion in any of t hese phases) 2 Page 1
To Avoid Even Mor e... “Post -r equir ement s t r aceabilit y is concer ned wit h t hose aspect s of a r equir ement ’s lif e t hat r esult f r om it s inclusion in t he RS” (i.e., r equir ement deployment ) “P r e-r equir ement s t r aceabilit y is concer ned wit h t hose aspect s of a r equir ement ’s lif e pr ior t o it s inclusion in t he RS” (i.e., r equir ement pr oduct ion) 3 (a) Analysis of t he RT Pr oblem • Lit t le r eal pr ogr ess as poor under st anding of RT • Mult if acet ed nat ur e of RT pr oblem • Fr amewor k - pr e-RT & post -RT • Focus on pr e-RT issues - inf or mat ional emphasis See I CRE ‘94 • I nt r insic need t o locat e & f or mor e... access per sonnel 4 Page 2
Cr ux of t he RT Pr oblem... ...But who can I r ef er t o f or mor e det ails? RS 5 (b) Modelling Cont r ibut ion St r uct ur es • Pr eliminar ies • Out line of t he appr oach • Relat ing agent s & ar t if act s • Roles & commit ment s • Relat ing ar t if act s • I mplement at ion • Exper iences • Discussion 6 Page 3
Some Pr eliminar ies... • Pr oblems: • Ar t if act -based RT • Coar se labels/ snap shot s/ lit t le use • Scope of concer n & assumpt ions • Requir ement s: • Dif f er ent iat e how agent s cont r ibut e • Account f or ar t if act -based r elat ions • Basis f or modelling & r easoning • Accept ance issues 7 Out line of t he Appr oach... def ine def ine Cont r ibut ion Ar t if act -based inf er r elat ions RT r elat ions def ine/ inf er inf er Qualif icat ion inf er Social r oles & r ole r elat ions inf er Commit ment s Augment s ar t if act -based RT wit h cont r ibut ion st r uct ur es 8 Page 4
Relat ing Agent s & Ar t if act s... § Cont r ibut ion f or mat • Gof f man’s “par t icipant r oles” Pr incipal Aut hor Ar t if act Cont r ibut ion r elat ions Document or 9 Qualif ying Cont r ibut ion Relat ions... P (signat ur es) Agent Appr oved, Pending, Not appr oved... A (sour ces) Ar t if act Agent Cr eat or , Ref er encer , Adopt er .... D (moods) Agent Cer t ain, Believe, I ndif f er ent , Uninf or med... 10 Page 5
Roles & Commit ment s... • I ndividual & collect ive commit ment t o ar t if act s • Role r elat ions & social commit ment t o each ot her Devisor Ghost Aut hor Sponsor P A Repr esent at ive Nominal Aut hor Aut hor Relayer D Tr ue Aut hor 11 Relat ing Ar t if act s... • Tempor al • Development al • Auxiliar y: • Cont ainment (layer ing & nest ing) • Connect ivit y (cohesion & coher ence) 12 Page 6
Cont ainment : Def ault Cont r ibut or s... Ar t if act p a d 100 48 p a def ault 46 50 44 0 42 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Qtr Qtr Qtr Qtr d p a def ault d def ault p a d def ault 13 Connect ivit y: Aut hor ial Tr ails... [ ] [ ] adopts adopts t o alt er t o add correct elabor at e Olly Dave Paddy (adopt er ) (adopt er ) (cr eat or ) Olly [ ] ref erences (cr eat or ) t o f rame Paddy backgr ound Olly (cr eat or ) (r ef er encer ) 14 Page 7
I mplement at ion... Project Traceability Contribution repository extension tool manager query/ response import/ Artifact details export Inference Hypertextual Artifact A engine interface traceability relations inference Artifact Z mark up Commitment- based fact base Contribution markup language extensions assert/retract Agent details contributions import/ & contributors export 15 Exper iences... • Scenar ios & what t hey show: • Agent & ar t if act pr of iles • Or iginal sour ce & t r ails of cont r ibut or s • Changing wor k ar r angement s • Possible backups • Many f or ms of social analyses • WI P : • Case st udies & t echnology t r ansf er 16 Page 8
Discussion... I ssues? Benef it s? • Deal wit h: • Resist ance • I nf o absence • Buy-in & aut omat e • Supplement ar y inf o • Account abilit y: • Human aspect s • +ve = lear n & shar e • -ve = blame & hide • Cont inuous change • Pr oj ect management • Cat egor ies • Cover age • Educat ion • Fir mest anchor • Scaleabilit y 17 Full Time Recap... • Cr ux of RT pr oblem is locat ion & access of per sonnel • Model “cont r ibut ion st r uct ur es” under lying r equir ement s ar t if act s • Use t o augment ar t if act -based RT, pr ovide per sonnel-based RT, & mor e... • Most lever age wit h RT pr oblem by t ying PEOPLE int o RT equat ion 18 Page 9
For Fur t her Det ails... I can be cont act ed at : Depar t ment of Comput ing I mper ial College of Science, Technology & Medicine 180, Queen’s Gat e London SW7 2BZ oczg@doc.ic.ac.uk Paper s can be f ound at : f t p dse.doc.ic.ac.uk dse-paper s/ viewpoint s 19 Page 10
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