Mind Mind and B and Body Connection ody Connection Pr Prof of. - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
2nd 2n d Asi Asian an Neu Neurof ofee eedb dbac ack k Conf Confer eren ence ce 20 2016 16 21 21-22 22 Jul uly, 2 , 201 016 Mind Mind and B and Body Connection ody Connection Pr Prof of. . Da Dato to Dr See Ching
Pr Prof
. Da Dato to’ Dr See Ching Mey Mey Univ Univer ersiti siti Sains Sains Malaysia, Malaysia, Malaysia Malaysia Loh Loh Gu Guan L Lye S Specialist ialist Ce Centr tre
2n 2nd d Asi Asian an Neu Neurof
eedb dbac ack k Conf Confer eren ence ce 20 2016 16 21 21-22 22 Jul uly, 2 , 201 016
The he mind mind is th is thou
ghts, ts, emo emotions, tions, fee eeli ling ngs, s, be beli liefs, efs, atti ttitud tudes, es, an and d ima image ges. s. The he br brain ain is th is the ha e hardwar are tha e that t allo allows u ws us to e s to exp xperien erience ce the these se me menta ntal l sta states tes. . Men Mental sta tal states tes ca can n be be f full ully co y consc nscious ious, , sub subco consc nscious ious
consc nscious ious. . Eg Eg: : We ca e can n ha have emo e emotiona tional l rea eaction ctions to si s to situa tuations tions wi witho thout ut be being ing aw awar are e of
why w hy we e ar are e rea eactin cting. g.
Mi Mind nd-bo body c dy con
nection ction disc discuss usses me es menta ntal l pr proc
esses es tha that a t affec ect our phy t our physica sical l sta state. te. Our Our tho thoug ughts hts, , em emotio
ns, , fee eeli ling ngs, be s, beli liefs efs, , an and d atti ttitud tudes es ca can n po positi sitivel ely y or ne
gativ tivel ely y af affec ect our biologica t our biological l fun function ctioning.
his res esults ults in a in a co comp mple lex x inte interrela elation tionsh ship ip be betw twee een ou n our m r minds inds and and bo bodies dies. .
Mi Mind nd-bo body the dy therapy f y foc
uses on s on tr trea eatmen tments ts tha that ma t may pr y promo
te health an alth and d wellnes ellness.
Mind nd- Body Body T The herapies pies inc include lude: (a) (a)Cr Cryoth
erapy - Lo Loca cali lized ed or
hole le-bo body dy exp xposu
e to sub to subzer ero
temper eratur tures to es to de decr crea ease se infl inflamma ammation, tion, incr increa ease c se cellular ellular sur survival, vival, de decr crea ease se pa pain in an and sp d spasms asms, , an and d pr promo
te over erall all he health. alth.
(b) (b)Hy Hydr droth
erapy - The he he healing aling po power o er of w water ter is u is used sed to to tr trea eat d t disea isease o se or m r mainta aintain optimal in optimal he health thr alth throu
gh its d its dif iffer eren ent f t for
ms, including luding stea steam or mine m or mineral ba al baths, sau ths, sauna nas, s, ho hot or c t or cold
wet et bo body wr dy wraps, aq ps, aqua uatic tic ph physica ysical l the therapy, ,
hirlpoo lpools. ls.
(c) (c)Med Medita itation tion - Simp Simple le an and f d fas ast w t way ay to r to red educ uce e str stress ess o
n the mi mind nd and and bo body b dy by r y ref efoc
using g you
r attention ttention on ca
lming ng thou though ghts ts an and y d you
r br brea eath.
his may include lude mindfu mindfulnes lness s med medita itation, r tion, rep epea eating a man ting a mantr tra, or a, or gu guided ided ima image gery or y or visua visuali liza zation. tion.
(d) (d)Yog
his an ancie cient sy nt syste stem of m of rela elaxa xation tion, , exer ercise cise, , an and d he
a foc
uses on s on ph physica ysical l po poses ses, , br brea eathing thing tec techn hnique ique, , an and d med medita itation, with tion, with the the goa goal l of
achie hieving ving relax elaxation, tion, over erall he all health, alth, an and d impr improved ed fi fitne tness. ss.
(e) (e)Mas Massa sage ge - Using Using the the princ principle tha iple that to t touc uch is h is he healing, massa aling, massage ge in involv
es rub ubbing bing the soft the soft tissue tissues s of
the body dy, , suc such as h as the musc the muscles les an and d co conn nnec ectiv tive e tissue tissues, s, to r to relea elease ten se tension sion
eat t injur
. The here e ar are e over er 80 80 dif differ eren ent t type types of s of ma massa ssage ge; ; some some gen gentle tle (l (lik ike e Sw Swed edish massa ish massage ge) ) an and d oth
ers v s ver ery y ac activ tive e (li (like T e Tha hai i ma mass ssage ge) ) or inte
nse (lik e (like d e dee eep p tissue tissue ma massa ssage ge). ).
(f) (f) Mind Mindfuln fulnes ess T s Train aining ing - This his str struc uctur tured ed pr prog
am trains ains y you
to foc
us on n the the pr prese esent nt mome moment an nt and d let g let go of
though ghts f ts from the
pa past or w st or wor
ries abo bout the futur ut the future. I
t is rema emarka kable in bringing a ble in bringing abo bout ut cha hang nges es ran anging ging fr from impr
ed sl slee eep, , grea eater ter pr prod
uctivi tivity ty, an , and d bo both pr th preven ention an tion and d tr trea eatme tment nt of
chr hron
ic illne lness ss.
(g) (g)Qi Qi-gong gong - A tr A trad aditi ition
al Chinese se he health alth ca care e technique that’s at least 4,000 years old, the the pr prac actice i tice involv
es a se a series of ries of p postu
es an and d exer ercise cises, inc s, including luding slo slow c w cir ircu cular lar mo moveme
t comb
ines relax elaxation, tion, med medita itation, a tion, and nd br brea eathing thing e exer ercise cises to s to ac achie hieve a tr e a tran anqu quil il sta state te of
mind nd.
(h) (h)Music Music The herapy y is th is the c e cli linica nical l an and e d evide videnc nce- ba based sed use use of
music inte nterven entions tions to to ac acco comp mpli lish sh ind individu ividualiz alized ed go goals within als within a a the therape peutic utic rela elationsh tionship b ip by a pr y a prof
essiona ional l who ho has has comp completed leted an an app pproved ed mus music ic the therapy pr y prog
am.
(i (i) Neur Neurof
eedb dbac ack – A tec A techn hnique ique in w in whic hich w h we e tr train ain the the br brain ain to to he help lp impr improve it e its s abili bility ty to to regu gula late a te all ll bo bodil dily y fun functio ctions ns an and d to to tak take e ca care of e of i itself
. Whe hen the n the br brain is n ain is not
fun function ctioning ing well, ell, evide videnc nce e of
this s often
sho shows up in t ws up in the he Electr Electroe
ncep epha halog logram am (EE (EEG) G). . We ca e can tr n train ou ain our br r brain to func ain to function tion be better tter.
(j (j) Bi Biof
eedb dbac ack - Se Senso nsors s ar are a e attac ttache hed to d to you
r bo body dy to to pr provide vide instan instant f t fee eedb dbac ack k on
thing ngs s li like h e hea eart r t rate, te, blo blood
pres essu sure, sk e, skin in temp temper eratur ture, and e, and musc muscle t le ten ension sion. . Aft After er reviewing viewing the the r resu esults o lts on n a mon a monitor itor, the , the biof biofee eedb dbac ack k the therapist pist the then tea n teache hes s the the cli lien ents ts men mental tal an and d ph physica ysical l exer ercise cises to s to co contr ntrol t
hose fun se function ctions. s.
(k) (k)Acup Acupress essur ure - This his an ancien cient t Asi Asian an te techn hnique ique is simil is similar ar to to ac acup upun unctu cture—wi witho thout ut the the ne need edles.
Prac actiti tition
ers s us use e the their h ir han ands ds or
too tools to ls to a app pply y pr press essur ure to e to variou various ac s acup upoints
the body dy to to op
en en ener ergy y fl flows, r ws, relea elease se ten tension sion, , an and pr d promo
te emo emotiona tional l ba balanc lance. e.
(l (l) Acup Acupun unctu cture - A k A key c ey comp
ent t of
Trad aditi ition
al Chines Chinese med e medicine, acu icine, acupu punc nctur ture e is is pr prac actice ticed d by by i ins nser erting ting extr xtrem emel ely thin y thin ne need edles les thr throu
gh the the s skin a kin at s t str trate tegic gic ac acup upoints
you
r bod
. The he go goal al is to is to r re- ba balanc lance e the the f flo low w of
energy y or
life e for
ce kn known wn as c as chi. hi.
(m) (m)Ar Aroma
therapy - Ar Aroma
tic esse ssential ntial oils
fr from plan
ts are e e extr xtrac acted ted, , distil distilled, led, an and d typ typica icall lly y mix mixed ed wi with th oth
er subs bstan tance ces s li like e
alcoh lcohol,
, then a n app ppli lied ed to to the the skin skin, , spr spray ayed ed i into nto th the air e air, , or
inhaled. led.
(n) (n)Cr Cran aniosa iosacr cral T al The herapy y - This his ge gentle f ntle for
m of mas massa sage ge the therapy, , use used by d by c chir hirop
actor tors, s, ma mass ssage ge the therapists pists, a , and nd na natur turop
ths, , in involv
es fi fing nger pr er press essur ure to manipu e to manipula late the te the bo bone nes s of
the skull ll, lo , lower er spin spine, and e, and pelvis. pelvis.
(o) (o)Hypn Hypnoth
erapy – The he indu induction ction of
a state te of
co consc nscious iousne ness ss whe here the e the c cli lien ent b t bec ecome
s res espo pons nsiv ive to e to sug sugge gestion stions/dir s/direc ection tions. s. Hypn Hypnosis is widel
y pr promo
ted as a as a tr trea eatmen tment t for
various l s lon
term c m con
dition
s suc such as h as ph phob
ias, an anxiety xiety, slee , sleep p diso disorde ders, s, de depr press ession, ion, str stress ess, , po post st-tr trau auma an ma anxiety xiety, , grief rief a and nd loss.
Hypnosis
also mi migh ght be use t be used d to he to help w lp with p ith pain co ain contr ntrol and
to over erco come me ha habits, bits, su such h as as smo smokin king g
erea eating. ting.
(p) (p)Visua isual Ima l Image gery y - The he abili bility ty to to cr crea eate te pictu pictures in our es in our mind tha mind that b t bec ecome
mental tal ima image
his the therapy ca y can e n evok
e all th all the e sen senses ses suc such as h as taste, s taste, sou
nd, , tou touch, and h, and you
r sixth sen ixth sense intuition se intuition suc such as h as cr crea eativi tivity ty an and d abstr bstrac act t t think hinking sk ing skil ills.
It ha has a s a po positi sitive e impac impact on menta t on mental l an and d ph physica ysical l he health, alth, wellnes ellness, a s, and nd perf perfor
mance ce.
The he Assoc Associa iation tion for A
ppli lied ed P Psy sycho hoph physiolog ysiology y an and d Biof Biofee eedb dbac ack (AAPB), k (AAPB), (20 (2016 16) ) de define fine Bi Biof
eedb dbac ack k as: as:
A proc
ess tha that e t ena nables bles an an individua individual to lear l to learn n ho how w to to cha hang nge e ph physiolog ysiological activity f ical activity for
the pu purpo poses ses of
impr mproving ving hea health lth an and d pe perf rfor
mance ce. .
Prec ecise ise instr instrum umen ents ts me meas asur ure e ph phys ysiolog iologica ical l ac activi tivity ty suc such h as h as hea eart r t rate, b te, brea eathing thing, , mus muscle le ac activi tivity ty, , an and d skin skin tempe temperatur ture. e.
Bi Biof
eedb dbac ack k ca can be n be use used to tr d to trea eat t a va a variety o riety of me medic dical an al and d oth
er phy hysiolo siologic gical co al cond nditi ition
s.
Biof
eedb dbac ack k an and ha d has be s been en sho shown wn to to be be an an ef effec ectiv tive tr e trea eatmen tment f t for
migraine aine and and ten tension sion type type hea heada dache he, , urina urinary y inco incontine ntinenc nce, e, high high bloo blood d pr press essur ure, anx e, anxiety iety, an , and d a nu a numbe mber r of
ther r co cond nditi ition
(Yuc ucha ha & & Mon Montgo tgomer mery, 20 , 2008 08). ).
he go goal al of
Biof iofee eedb dbac ack is lon k is long-ter term ben m benefit efit an and d co contr ntrol o
er the the sympto symptoms tha ms that a t are be e being ing tr trea eated ted. .
(a) (a)Ra Ratan tanasiripon asiripong g et.al et.al (20 (2012 12) ) in investiga estigated ted th the e impa impact o ct of biof biofee eedb dbac ack k inte interven ention tion pr prog
am
an anxiety du xiety during their fir ring their first st cli linica nical tr l training aining. . − Resu esults lts indica indicated ted tha that th t the biof e biofee eedb dbac ack k grou
p was a as able to ble to mainta maintain t in the he str stress ess le level el an and d ha had a significan d a significant r t red educ uction tion in anx in anxiety iety; ; while the hile the co contr ntrol
p ha had d a sig a significa nificant nt incr increa ease se in th in the str e stress ess le level a el and nd a mod a moder erate te incr increa ease se in a in anx nxiety o iety over the 5 er the 5-wee eek pe k period riod
cli linic nical al tr train aining ing. .
(b)Kno (b)Knox x (20 (2011 11) ) exa xamined mined cha hang nges es in anx in anxiety iety an and d de depr pres ession sion in in 24 24 childr hildren en an and y d you
ths (9 (9- 17 17 y yea ears old) r s old) ref efer erred ed f for
trea eatment tment for
an anxiety xiety. . − The he eigh eight-ses session sion biof biofee eedb dbac ack k inter interven ention tion inc include luded d psy psycho hoed educ ucation tion (i (ide dentifi ntifica cation tion of
tri trigge gers s an and sign d signs of s of anx anxiety). iety). − The he inter interven ention tion grou
p red educ uced ed an anxiety an xiety and d de depr press ession ion sco scores o es on stan n standa dardise dised d tests tests. .
Neur Neurof
eedb dbac ack k tr training aining of
ers s ad additi dition
al
portun tuniti ities es for
ehabili bilita tation tion thr throu
gh dir direc ectl tly r y retr etrain aining ing the the ele electrica ctrical l ac activity tivity pa patter tterns ns in t in the he br brain to ain to red educ uce e symp symptoms toms fr from AD
D/ADHD HD, , a a str strok
, he head ad injur injury, , un unco contr ntrolled
epil ilep epsy sy, , co cogn gniti itive dy e dysfun sfunction ction ass assoc
iated ted w with a ith aging ging, , de depr press ession ion, , an anxiety xiety, ,
sessiv sive-co compu mpulsi lsive diso e disorde der, , an and d au autism. tism. Hammond Hammond ( (20 2011 11)
(a) (a)Gape pen n et. Al
. (20 (2016 16) ) sho showed ed tha that t ne neur urof
eedb dbac ack k sign signifi ifica cantl ntly y red educ uced ed PT PTSD SD symp symptoms toms (Da (Davidso vidson n Trau auma ma Sc Scale ale sco scores es aver erage ged d 69 69.14 .14 at b t base aseli line ne to to 49 49.26 .26 at t ter termi mina nation), a tion), and nd pr prec eced eded ed ga gains i ins in af n affec ect t regu gula lation tion (In (Inven entor tory y of
Alter ltered ed S Self elf- Ca Capa paciti cities es-Af Affec ect t Dysr Dysregu gula lation tion sco scores es aver erage ged d 23 23.63 .63 at b t base aseli line ne to to 17 17.20 .20 at t ter termina mination tion). ). 40 40 session sessions of s of neu neurof
eedb dbac ack k tr training aining tw two
times pe per w r wee eek a k at e t eithe ither T r T4-P4 P4 or T
T4. .
(b) (b)Choo Choobf bfor
shzad adeh eh, , Nesh eshat-Doos Doost, t, Mola Molavi & vi & Abe Abedi (20 di (2015 15) ) eva valua luated ted the the ef effec ectiv tiven enes ess of s of ne neur urof
eedb dbac ack k in t in trea eating ting de depr press ession ion an and d fatigue tigue i in pe n person sons w s with mu ith multi ltiple ple sc scler lerosis.
− Resu esults lts fr from the stud
y demon monstr strated ted tha that t bo both de th depr press essiv ive symp e symptoms and toms and fatigue tigue w wer ere e sign signif ifican icantl tly r y red educ uced ed amo among ng the the mult multiple iple sc scler leros
is pa patien tients ts rec eceivin eiving g ne neur urof
eedb dbac ack k co compa mpared ed to the co to the contr ntrol g
p rec eceiving eiving stan standa dardiz dized ed tr trea eatment tment
(c) (c)Ste Steiner et. a iner et. al l (20 (2014 14) ) evalu valuated ted sus sustaine tained d impr improveme ements nts 6 mon 6 months ths after a 4 after a 40-se sess ssion ion usin using ne g neur urof
eedb dbac ack k or
cogn gniti itive tr e training aining (C (CT) ad T) admi minister nistered ed to to 10 104 c 4 childr hildren en ( (7-11 11-yea ear-
) wi with th attention ttention d deficit eficit hyp hyper erac activi tivity ty diso disorde der ( r (AD ADHD) D). . − Neu eurof
eedb dbac ack k pa partici ticipa pants nts mad made e mor more e pr promp
t and d grea eater ter impr improvem emen ents in ts in ADH ADHD D symp symptoms toms tha than did CT n did CT pa partici ticipa pants or nts or tho those se in t in the he con contr trol g
.
(d) (d)Red eddy e dy et. al. (20
09) ) was as to to exa xami mine ne ne neur urof
eedb dbac ack tr train aining ing to en to enha hanc nce e verb erbal al an and d visua visual lea l learning ning and and memor memory y in a pa in a patient tient wi with th tr trau auma matic b tic brain injur ain injury y (TBI) (TBI). − The he tr training aining i inc ncor
porated ted vide video
eedb dbac ack k to to incr increa ease se the the f freq eque uenc ncy y of
alpha lpha waves es (8 (8-12 12 Hz); Hz); and and to to de decr crea ease se the theta w ta waves es (4 (4-7 Hz). 7 Hz). − Resu esults lts indica indicated ted impr improveme ement i nt in n bo both th verb erbal al an and d visua visual lea l learning ning memor memory y in p in patient. tient.
Both Both biof biofee eedb dbac ack k an and ne d neur urof
eedb dbac ack k ar are e ho holi listic stic the therapies pies, , ba based sed on
the rec ecog
nition
tha that t cha hang nges es in t in the he mi mind nd and and emotions emotions af affec ect the b t the bod
, an and d cha hang nges es in the in the bo body dy also also i influe nfluenc nce e the the m mind an ind and d emo emotions tions. . Bi Biof
eedb dbac ack k an and n d neu eurof
eedb dbac ack k emp empha hasiz sized ed tr training aining i ind ndivi ividu duals als to self to self- regu gula late, te, ga gain aw in awar aren eness ess, , incr increa ease c se con
trol
er their bod
ies, br brains ains, , an and d ne nervou
s syste systems, a ms, and nd i impr mprove fl e flexibili xibility ty in in ph physiolog ysiologic r ic resp espon
ding. .
(a) (a)Sh Shaw aw et.al (2 et.al (201 012) 2) evalu valuated ted the ef the effi fica cacy y of
a biof a biofee eedb dbac ack k an and ne d neur urof
eedb dbac ack k tr training aining program to improve gymnasts’ balance be beam am pe perf rfor
mance ce i in co n compe mpetit tition. ion. − Ten en ses session sions of s of H HRV V an and d the theta/sen ta/sensorimoto sorimotor rh r rhythm ythm tr training aining w wer ere e co cond nduc ucted ted tw two
times es pe per w r wee eek k for 5 w
eeks ks to 11 to 11 f fema emale g le gymn ymnasts asts. − Resu esults lts of
this s un unco contr ntrolled
study i y ind ndica icated ted tha that t co compe mpetit tition sc ion scor
es and nd sco scores fr es from an
inde indepe pend nden entl tly y judg judged ed vide video as
sessme sment nt impr improved ed thr throu
ghou
t the the tr training aining.
(b) (b)De Debo borah ah an and Mar d Martha tha (2 (201 010) 0) app ppli lied ed tw two
newer er for
ms of ne neur urob
iofee eedb dbac ack, k, EE EEG G biof biofee eedb dbac ack k an and he d hemoe moenc ncep epha halog lograph phy y biof biofee eedb dbac ack k wer ere e co combine mbined d wi with th the thermal mal ha hand ndwar arming biof ming biofee eedb dbac ack k to tr to trea eat t 37 37 mig migraine aine pa patients tients in a c in a cli linica nical ou l outpa tpatient tient setting setting. − Of Of the the 37 37 mig migrain aine p e patien tients ts tr trea eated ted, , 26 26 pa patients tients or
70% e % exp xperien erience ced d at lea t least st a 50 a 50% % red educ uction tion in th in the fr e freq eque uenc ncy y of
their he head adac ache hes s whic hich w h was as sus sustaine tained on d on a aver erage ge 14 14.5 months .5 months after after tr trea eatmen tments ts wer ere e disc discon
tinued.
The he hyp hypoth
alamic-pituitar pituitary-ad adren enal ( al (HP HPA) A) ax axis is play plays i s impo mportan tant r t roles
in n mainta maintaining ining aler alertne tness ss an and d mod modula ulating sleep ting sleep. . Dysfu Dysfunc nction tion of
the HP HPA axis A axis pla play a c y a cau ausa sativ tive e role in
some cli linical sleep disor nical sleep disorder ders, s, suc such h as inso as insomnia an mnia and d ob
struc uctiv tive e slee sleep a p apn pnea ea (OSA). (OSA).
Hear Heart r t rate te varia variabili bility ty (H (HRV) V) is a is a meas measur ure e of
the the bea beat-to to-be beat c t cha hang nges es in hea in heart r t rate. te. The he he hear art and t and br brain ar ain are co e conn nnec ected ted bidir bidirec ectiona tionall lly. . E Effer eren ent t ou
tflow w fr from the
br brain af ain affec ects the hea ts the heart and t and af affer eren ent t ou
tflow w fr from
the he hear art a t affec ects the ts the br brain ain. .
(a) (a)Kud udo, , Sh Shinoh inohar ara a & K & Kod
ama (201 (2014) 4) exa xamined mined the ef the effectiv ectivenes eness of s of hear heart t rate va te vari riabil bilit ity y (H (HRV) V) biof biofeedb eedbac ack k int inter ervention ention for r
educti tion
psychological st hological stress ess in in women
in the ear the early y postpar postpartum tum period. period. − Results esults indica indicated ted tha that po t postpar stpartum w tum women
who ho implem implemen ented ted HR HRV V bio biofee eedb dbac ack k afte after r deliv deliver ery y wer ere e rela elati tivel ely y fr free fr ee from anxiety
and and complained complained less o less of di diffi ficulti culties sl es sleeping eeping at 1 t 1 month po month postpar stpartum tum. .
(b) (b)Ki Kim m et. a
l (201 (2013) 3) de deter termined mined if if individua individuals ls wi with b th brain i ain injur njury y can modify can modify HRV V thr through
biof biofeedb eedbac ack k and, i and, if s so, , enha enhance nce it its s pa patt tter ern n to to im impr prove emoti e emotional r
gulati tion and
pr problem
solving a abili bility ty. − Results esults demon demonstr strated ted an an ass assoc
iation tion be betw twee een r n regu gula lati tion
emotions/cogn gnit ition ion and and HRV V tr training aining. .
The he cha hang nges es in th in the biolog e biological ical pr proc
esses in es in the the gu gut may t may ef effec ect the b t the brain ain c che hemistr mistry. . A d A dysfu ysfunc nction tion in th in the gu e gut–br brain ain ax axis is is link is linked ed to ne to neur urop
sycho hologica logical, l, meta metabo boli lic, a c, and nd ga gastr strointe
stinal diso disorde ders (Zho s (Zhou u & F & Foste
, 20 2015 15). ).
It is sug It is sugge gested sted tha that th t the gu e gut m t micr icrob
iota af affec ects the br ts the brain via the hu ain via the humor moral and al and ne neur ural al mec mecha hanisms of nisms of the gu the gut–br brain axis, ain axis, w wit ith h pa particular ticular attention ttention o
n the the va vagu gus ne s nerve. e. Tho houg ugh h se sever eral l al links inks betw betwee een alter n altered ed gut gut micr microb
iota and d de depr press ession ha ion have be e been en es esta tablish blished ed i in a n anima nimal l mo mode dels, ls, few ew cli linic nical al stud studies ha ies have be e been en co cond nduc ucted ted. .
Naseribafr Naseribafrou
ei et. al.
(2014) 4) studied studied t the he potential potential cor correla elati tions
between een human human fecal ecal mi micr crobiota (
as a proxy f xy for g
ut mi micr crobiota)
and and depr depression. ession. − Results esults demon demonstr strated ted se sever eral cor al correla elations tions betw between de een depr pression ession and and fecal mi ecal micr crobiota
.
Al All l type types of s of mo moveme ement fr nt from loco
motion to to fi fine ne manipu manipula lation r tion req equir uire an e an inter interplay play be betw twee een se n senso nsory i y inp nput an ut and moto d motor outpu r output t tha that is t is co contr ntrolled
by the the cen centr tral ner al nervou
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essiv ive mus e muscle r le relax elaxation. tion.
Bi Biof
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