MICROALGAE CULTURE BIO301 Dr Navid Moheimani Algae R&D Center - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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MICROALGAE CULTURE BIO301 Dr Navid Moheimani Algae R&D Center - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Sep 25, 2022 541 likes •994 views

MICROALGAE CULTURE BIO301 Dr Navid Moheimani Algae R&D Center Dr Navid Moheimani n.moheimani@murdoch.edu.au 9360 2682 What are algae? simple, non-flowering, and typically aquatic plants of a large assemblage that includes the seaweeds

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MICROALGAE CULTURE BIO301

Dr Navid Moheimani Algae R&D Center

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Dr Navid Moheimani n.moheimani@murdoch.edu.au 9360 2682

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What are algae?

simple, non-flowering, and typically aquatic plants of a large assemblage that includes the seaweeds and many single- celled forms . Algae contain chlorophyll but lack true stems, roots , leaves, and vascular tissue.

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  • What is photosynthesis:
  • Date: 1898

synthesis of chemical compounds with the aid of radiant energy and especially light; especially : formation of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and a source of hydrogen (as water) in the chlorophyll-containing tissues of plants exposed to light (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/photosynthesis)

  • It is an improbable process (uphill reaction)

Photosynthesis

Algae VS Bacteria

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Sugar + O2 CO2+ H2O Metabolism Photosynthesis energy Solar energy

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Photosynthesis:

  • What is photosynthesis:
  • Date: 1898

synthesis of chemical compounds with the aid of radiant energy and especially light; especially : formation of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and a source of hydrogen (as water) in the chlorophyll-containing tissues of plants exposed to light (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/photosynthesis)

  • It is an improbable process (uphill reaction)
  • Oxygenic photosynthesis is one of the key fundamental biological

process which support life on the earth.

  • Chloroplast are responsible for trapping light energy and convert it

to Chemical energy

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Habitats

  • Water (freshwater to hypersaline brines)
  • Soil
  • Trees etc.
  • Symbionts of lichens, ferns, cycads,

sponges, molluscs, corals, flatworms etc etc.

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  • Salinity:

freshwater to saturated brines

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Prokaryote Ancestor Heterotrophic Flagellate Glaucophyta Rhodophyta

Photosynthetic Heterotrophic Flagellate

Cyanobacterium

S! Flagella lost

Chlorophyta

Loss of phycobilisomes Formation of chlorophyll b Small subunit RuBisCo gene transferred to nucleus

Heterokontophyta Haptophta Dinophyta Cryptophyta Primaeval Brown Flagellate(s?)

Hetrotrophic dinoflagellate Hetrotrophic Cryptophyte Hetrotrophic Haptophyte Hetrotrophic hetrokontophyte S! S! S! S!

Heterotrophic dinoflagellate Dinophyta Dinophyta Dinophyta

S! S! S! Hetrotrophic euglenoid

Euglenophyta

S! Chloroplast Lost PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
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Size – ~40m to ~1μm

μ

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Aphanothece Nostoc

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Amphidinium

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Pfiesteria - life history

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Nutritional Modes

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  • Photoautotrophy

– Light + inorganic nutrients – Most microalgae

  • Heterotrophy

– Organic compounds (dark) – Some species (esp. greens, euglenoids & dinos)

  • Mixotrophy

– Mixture of phototrophy + heterotrophy

  • Phagotrophy
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ALGAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

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Commercial Species

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Chlorella – Japan, Taiwan (Indonesia, Czech Republic) Spirulina – Mexico, USA, Thailand (China, India, Taiwan) Dunaliella salina – Australia, Israel, USA (India, China) Haematococcus – USA (India, Israel) Late 1950’s 1960’s 1970’s 1990’s + Microalgae for aquaculture

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Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis

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Chlorella

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Dunaliella salina

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Haematococcus pluvialis

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Products

Carotenoids Fatty Acids Phycobilins Enzymes Vitamins Polysaccharides Bioactive Compounds Biomass Biofuels

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Algae in Aquaculture

Algae in their own right Algae as larval feeds (especially for molluscs, crustaceans and, to a lesser extent, fish) Algal carotenoids as pigmenters in feed (prawns, salmonid fish) Algae as food in growout stage (molluscs)

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N N H H HO OH O O

Selected Bioactives

Cryptophycins (anti-mitotic) from Nostoc

  • sp. [US Patents 5945315, 5952298,

5955423] Cyanovirins (anti-viral) [US Patents 5998587, 6015876] Antibacterials [US Patent 5866150] from Chaetoceros sp. Sunscreens - carotenoids, scytonemin, mycosporine amino acids [Canadian Patent Application 2251457] from Plectonema boryanum

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Algae and the Environment

New applications for microalgae in wastewater treatment

higher efficieny wastewater treatment through immobilised algae or hyperconcentrated algal cultures new culture systems (tropical & temperate) algal/bacterial systems in soil bioremediation heavy metal absorption

Detection systems for toxic algae

DNA probes, immunological markers

Management of algal blooms

Species-specific viruses

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Algae and the Environment

Algae and renewable energy

Liquid fuels (biodiesel, bioethanol)

Hydrogen production

Algae in mine site revegetation

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Bioenergy?

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Algae Oil Remaining Biomass Other Product(s)? Saline Water

Light Nutrients CO2 (from Power Station or similar source)

Recycle water

Anaerobic Digestion

Animal feed Methane Nutrients Algae sugars Ethanol Biodiesel GROW HARVEST EXTRACT

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A Al lg ga a P Pr ro

  • d

du uc ct ts s E Es st ti im ma at te ed d C Co

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st t ( ($ $U US S/ /k kg g d dr ry y w wt t) ) Chlorella Biomass >15 Crypthecodinium DHA < 3 Dunaliella Beta-carotene < 10 Haematococcus Astaxanthin < 200 Spirulina Biomass 12 - 18 Aquaculture spp Biomass 60 - 200+

Estimated from lowest sale price of product

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Culture Systems

  • Extensive Open Ponds (Dunaliella salina)
  • Raceway Ponds (Spirulina)
  • Centre Pivot Ponds (Chlorella)
  • Hybrid (Closed reactor/open raceway)

(Haematococcus pluvialis)

  • Fermentor (Crypthecodinium cohnii)
  • Big Bags (Aquaculture species)
  • Tubular Photobioreactor (?)
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Measuring Growth

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In exponential growth dx = dt (1) Where is the ‘specific growth rate with dimension of 1/t Eqn 1 can be integrated (x=x0 at t=0) x = x0e t (2) Eqn 2. can be solved to: ln x/x0 = t (3) When x = 2x0 ln 2 = t2 (4) and t2 = ln 2/ = 0.693/ (5) Where t2 is the ‘doubling time’

Measuring Growth

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Time taken for cells to double

Measuring Growth