MICROALGAE CULTURE MICROALGAE CULTURE BIO301 Prof Michael - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

MICROALGAE CULTURE MICROALGAE CULTURE BIO301 Prof Michael Borowitzka Algae R&D Center

Lecturers Prof Michael Borowitzka Dr Navid Moheimani m.borowitzka@murdoch.edu.au n.moheimani@murdoch.edu.au 9360 2333 9360 2682 Algae R & D Center

What are algae? What are algae?

Habitats • Water (freshwater to hypersaline brines) • Soil • Trees etc. • Symbionts of lichens, ferns, cycads, sponges, molluscs, corals, flatworms etc etc.

• Salinity : freshwater to saturated brines

Dinophyta Dinophyta Dinophyta Euglenophyta S! S! S! Heterotrophic dinoflagellate Heterokontophyta Haptophta Chlorophyta S! Cryptophyta Chloroplast Lost S! S! Rhodophyta S! Dinophyta Loss of phycobilisomes Formation of chlorophyll b Small subunit RuBisCo gene transferred to nucleus S! Primaeval Brown Hetrotrophic Flagella lost Flagellate(s?) Hetrotrophic Hetrotrophic dinoflagellate hetrokontophyte Cryptophyte Hetrotrophic Haptophyte Hetrotrophic euglenoid Glaucophyta Photosynthetic Heterotrophic Flagellate S! Heterotrophic Flagellate EUKARYOTES PROKARYOTES Prokaryote Cyanobacterium Ancestor

~40m to ~1 μ m Size – μ

Nostoc Aphanothece

Amphidinium

Pfiesteria - life history

Nutritional Modes Nutritional Modes

• Photoautotrophy – Light + inorganic nutrients – Most microalgae • Heterotrophy – Organic compounds (dark) – Some species (esp. greens, euglenoids & dinos) • Mixotrophy – Mixture of phototrophy + heterotrophy • Phagotrophy

ALGAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ALGAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

Commercial Species Commercial Species

Late 1950’s Chlorella – Japan, Taiwan (Indonesia, Czech Republic) Spirulina – Mexico, USA, Thailand (China, India, Taiwan) 1960’s Dunaliella salina – Australia, Israel, USA (India, China) 1970’s Haematococcus – USA (India, Israel) 1990’s + Microalgae for aquaculture

Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis

Chlorella

Dunaliella salina Dunaliella salina

Haematococcus pluvialis

Carotenoids Carotenoids Products   Products Fatty Acids Fatty Acids   Phycobilins Phycobilins   Enzymes Enzymes   Vitamins Vitamins   Polysaccharides Polysaccharides   Bioactive Bioactive   Compounds Compounds Biomass Biomass   Biofuels Biofuels  

Algae in Aquaculture Algae in Aquaculture Algae in their own right Algae in their own right   Algae as larval feeds ( especially for Algae as larval feeds ( especially for   molluscs, crustaceans and, to a lesser molluscs, crustaceans and, to a lesser ) extent, fish ) extent, fish Algal carotenoids as pigmenters pigmenters in feed Algal carotenoids as in feed   ( prawns, salmonid fish ) ( prawns, salmonid fish ) Algae as food in growout growout stage ( molluscs ) Algae as food in stage ( molluscs )  

OH Selected Bioactives Bioactives Selected H Cryptophycins Cryptophycins (anti- (anti -mitotic) from mitotic) from Nostoc Nostoc sp. [US Patents sp. [US Patents   5945315, 5952298, 5955423] 5945315, 5952298, 5955423] O Cyanovirins (anti- -viral) [US Patents 5998587, 6015876] viral) [US Patents 5998587, 6015876] Cyanovirins (anti   N Antibacterials [US Patent 5866150] from Chaetoceros Antibacterials [US Patent 5866150] from Chaetoceros   sp. sp. Sunscreens - - carotenoids, scytonemin scytonemin, , mycosporine mycosporine Sunscreens carotenoids,   N amino acids [Canadian Patent Application 2251457] from amino acids [Canadian Patent Application 2251457] from O Plectonema boryanum boryanum Plectonema H HO

Algae and the Environment Algae and the Environment New applications for microalgae in New applications for microalgae in   wastewater treatment wastewater treatment higher efficieny efficieny wastewater treatment through higher wastewater treatment through   immobilised algae or hyperconcentrated hyperconcentrated algal immobilised algae or algal cultures cultures new culture systems (tropical & temperate) new culture systems (tropical & temperate)   algal/bacterial systems in soil bioremediation algal/bacterial systems in soil bioremediation   heavy metal absorption heavy metal absorption   Detection systems for toxic algae Detection systems for toxic algae   DNA probes, immunological markers DNA probes, immunological markers   Management of algal blooms Management of algal blooms   Species- -specific viruses specific viruses Species  

Algae and the Environment Algae and the Environment Algae and renewable energy Algae and renewable energy   Liquid fuels (biodiesel, bioethanol) Liquid fuels (biodiesel, bioethanol)   Hydrogen production Hydrogen production   Algae in mine site revegetation Algae in mine site revegetation  

Nutrients Light CO 2 (from Power Station or similar source) GROW Saline Water Recycle water HARVEST Algae Ethanol sugars EXTRACT Algae Oil Biodiesel Remaining Biomass Animal Other Nutrients Anaerobic Digestion feed Product(s)? Methane

Al lg ga a Pr ro od du uc ct ts s Es st ti im ma at te ed d C Co os st t A P E ($ $U US S/ /k kg g d dr ry y w wt t) ) ( Biomass >15 Chlorella Crypthecodinium DHA < 3 Beta-carotene < 10 Dunaliella Astaxanthin < 200 Haematococcus Biomass 12 - 18 Spirulina Aquaculture spp Biomass 60 - 200+ Estimated from lowest sale price of product

Culture Systems Culture Systems • Extensive Open Ponds ( Dunaliella salina ) • Raceway Ponds ( Spirulina ) • Centre Pivot Ponds ( Chlorella ) • Hybrid (Closed reactor/open raceway) ( Haematococcus pluvialis ) • Fermentor ( Crypthecodinium cohnii ) • Big Bags (Aquaculture species) • Tubular Photobioreactor (?)

Measuring Growth

In exponential growth =  dt dx (1) Where  is the ‘specific growth rate with dimension of 1/t Eqn 1 can be integrated (x=x 0 at t=0) e  t x = e 0 (2) Eqn 2. can be solved to: =  t ln x/x 0 (3) When x = 2x 0 2 =  t 2 ln (4) and 2/  = 0.693/  t 2 = ln (5) Where t 2 is the ‘doubling time’

Time taken for cell No to double