Brackishwater Culture of Tilapia Culture of Tilapia Brackishwater - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Brackishwater Brackishwater Culture of Tilapia Culture of Tilapia in the Philippines: An Assessment in the Philippines: An Assessment

Rafael D. Guerrero III Rafael D. Guerrero III Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research and Development Research and Development Los Los Baños Baños, Laguna 4030 , Laguna 4030 Luzviminda Luzviminda A. Guerrero

• A. Guerrero

Aquatic Aquatic Biosystems Biosystems Bay, Laguna 4030 Bay, Laguna 4030

Outline Outline

! ! Introduction Introduction ! ! Assessment of Research and Field Assessment of Research and Field Trials on: Trials on:

! ! Oreochromis Oreochromis mossambicus mossambicus ! ! O.

• O. niloticus

niloticus ! ! Red Tilapia Red Tilapia ! ! O.

• O. mossambicus

mossambicus x O. x O. hornorum hornorum ! ! O.

• O. mossambicus

mossambicus x O. x O. niloticus niloticus ! ! Use of tilapia for “green water” Use of tilapia for “green water”

! ! Constraints to Further Development Constraints to Further Development ! ! Recommendations Recommendations

Introduction Introduction

! ! Tilapia Production in the Philippines Tilapia Production in the Philippines

! ! Tilapia is second most important cultured fish Tilapia is second most important cultured fish next to milkfish. next to milkfish. ! ! Total tilapia production from aquaculture in Total tilapia production from aquaculture in 2002 was 122,315 2002 was 122,315 mt mt. .

" " 93% from freshwater ponds and cages 93% from freshwater ponds and cages " " 7% from 7% from brackishwater brackishwater ponds ponds

Introduction Introduction

! ! Brackishwater Brackishwater Pond Production in the Pond Production in the Philippines (2002) Philippines (2002)

! ! Milkfish Milkfish

• 79.5%

79.5% ! ! Shrimp Shrimp

• 15.2

15.2 ! ! Tilapia Tilapia

• 3.3

3.3 ! ! Other Species Other Species -

• 2.0

2.0

Introduction Introduction

! ! Tilapia production in Tilapia production in brackishwater brackishwater ponds ponds increased by 172% from 1996 to 2002. increased by 172% from 1996 to 2002. ! ! Tilapia Species Cultured in Tilapia Species Cultured in Brackishwater Brackishwater

! ! Oreochromis Oreochromis mossambicus mossambicus (1960s) (1960s) ! ! O.

• O. niloticus

niloticus (1970s) (1970s) ! ! Red Tilapia (1970s) Red Tilapia (1970s) ! ! O.

• O. hornorum

hornorum (1990s) (1990s) ! ! O.

• O. spirulus

spirulus (1990s) (1990s)

Assessment of Research and Field Trials Assessment of Research and Field Trials 1960s 1960s

! ! Mozambique tilapia Mozambique tilapia introduced for freshwater introduced for freshwater backyard culture escaped backyard culture escaped into natural waters and into natural waters and become established in become established in estuaries. estuaries. ! ! O.

• O. mossambicus

mossambicus became a became a “pest” by competing with “pest” by competing with milkfish in milkfish in brackiswater brackiswater ponds. ponds.

Assessment of Research and Field Trials Assessment of Research and Field Trials

1970s 1970s ! ! Research on Research on O.

• O. mossambicus

mossambicus as a cultured as a cultured foodfish foodfish in 1975 at in 1975 at the the Brackishwater Brackishwater Aquaculture Aquaculture Center of the University of the Center of the University of the Philippines in the Philippines in the Visayas Visayas with with the “fuel crisis” and “marine fish the “fuel crisis” and “marine fish shortage” shortage” ! ! Studies on monoculture of Studies on monoculture of tilapias ( tilapias (O.

• O. mossambicus

mossambicus, O. , O. niloticus niloticus and red tilapia) with and red tilapia) with pond fertilization and feeding pond fertilization and feeding conducted conducted ! ! Studies on breeding of tilapia in Studies on breeding of tilapia in tanks, rearing of fry in nursery tanks, rearing of fry in nursery

Table 1. Experimental production data of tilapia species Table 1. Experimental production data of tilapia species cultured in cultured in brackishwater brackishwater ponds ponds

1,005 1,005 82 82 1.34 1.34 90 90 125.5 125.5 4.1 4.1 1 1 14 14-

• 35

35 O.

• O. niloticus

niloticus (mixed (mixed-

• sex)

sex) 82.7 82.7 100 100 (%) (%) Survival Survival 120 120 80 80 Period Period (days) (days) Culture Culture 1.41 1.41 1.13 1.13 Rate Rate (g/day) (g/day) Growth Growth 179 179 107.2 107.2 Size Size (g) (g) Harvest Harvest 1,384.9 1,384.9 430.6 430.6 (kg/ha) (kg/ha) Production Production 8.4 8.4 1 1 31.5 31.5-

• 32.1

32.1 Red Tilapia Red Tilapia (mixed (mixed-

• sex)

sex) 16.7 16.7 0.4 0.4 13.7 13.7-

• 53.7

53.7 O.

• O. mossambicus

mossambicus (manually (manually-

• sexed

sexed male) male) Size Size (g) (g) Density Density (no./m (no./m2

2)

) ( (ppt ppt) ) Stocking Stocking Salinity Salinity Species Species Sources: Fortes and Villa (1975), Corre (1981) and Fortes (1987)

Assessment : Assessment :

! ! O.

• O. mossambicus

mossambicus had the highest tolerance to had the highest tolerance to salinity followed by the red tilapia (hybrid) and salinity followed by the red tilapia (hybrid) and O. O. niloticus niloticus. . ! ! O.

• O. niloticus

niloticus had the best growth in had the best growth in brackishwater brackishwater ponds followed by the red tilapia and ponds followed by the red tilapia and O. O. mossambicus mossambicus. . ! ! The highest production was with red tilapia. The highest production was with red tilapia. 1990s 1990s ! ! Production trials by the private sector showed that Production trials by the private sector showed that sex sex-

• reversed

reversed O.

• O. mossambicus

mossambicus had good growth had good growth rate (2.2 g/day). rate (2.2 g/day). ! ! Highest production was achieved with the all Highest production was achieved with the all-

• male

male hybrid of hybrid of O.

• O. mossambicus

mossambicus x O. x O. hornorum hornorum. .

Table 2. Commercial culture production data of tilapia Table 2. Commercial culture production data of tilapia species in species in brackishwater brackishwater ponds ponds

6,000 6,000b

b

86 86 1.7 1.7 182 182 305 305 1.5 1.5 1 1 25 25-

• 35

35 O.

• O. Mossambicus

Mossambicus x O. x O. niloticus niloticus (sex (sex-

• reversed)

reversed) 80 80 82.5 82.5 (%) (%) Survival Survival 180 180 125 125 Period Period (days) (days) Culture Culture 1.6 1.6 2.2 2.2 Rate Rate (g/day) (g/day) Growth Growth 300 300 275 275 Size Size (g) (g) Harvest Harvest 10,000 10,000a

a

2,269 2,269a

a

(kg/ha) (kg/ha) Production Production 1.5 1.5 10 10 22 22 O.

• O. Mossambicus

Mossambicus

• x. O.
• x. O. hornorum

hornorum 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 20 20-

• 35

35 O.

• O. mossambicus

mossambicus (sex (sex-

• reversed)

reversed) Size Size (g) (g) Density Density (no./m (no./m2

2)

) ( (ppt ppt) ) Stocking Stocking Salinity Salinity Species Species

a With feeding only b With fertilization and feeding

Sources: Corre (pers, comm Guerrero and Cornejo (1994 Guerrero (1999)

! ! Experimental cage culture of sex Experimental cage culture of sex-

• reversed hybrid

reversed hybrid

• f O.
• f O. mossambicus

mossambicus x O. x O. niloticus niloticus in a in a brackishwater brackishwater river river

Table 3. Experimental production data of hybrid tilapia cage Table 3. Experimental production data of hybrid tilapia cage cultured in cultured in brackishwater brackishwater river river

63 63 80 80 2.8 2.8 103 103 317 317 24 24 200 200 28 28 O.

• O. Mossambicus

Mossambicus

• x. O.
• x. O. niloticus

niloticusb

b

86 86 (%) (%) Survival Survival 108 108 Period Period (days) (days) Culture Culture 1.7 1.7 Rate Rate (g/day) (g/day) Growth Growth 186 186 Size Size (g) (g) Harvest Harvest 32 32 (kg/ha) (kg/ha) Production Production 5 5 200 200 15 15-

• 30

30 O.

• O. Mossambicus

Mossambicus

• x. O.
• x. O. niloticus

niloticus a

a

Size Size (g) (g) Density Density (no./m (no./m2

2)

) ( (ppt ppt) ) Stocking Stocking Salinity Salinity Species Species Source: Dureza et. al. (1994)

a Iloilo strain b Laguna Strain

Assessment : Assessment :

Cage trials showed potential for commercial culture. Cage trials showed potential for commercial culture.

! ! Use of Tilapia for “Green Water” in Shrimp Culture Use of Tilapia for “Green Water” in Shrimp Culture

! ! For control of For control of vibriosis vibriosis disease of disease of Penaeus Penaeus monodon monodon in in brackishwater brackishwater ponds ponds ! ! Culture of tilapia hybrids (e.g., red tilapia, Culture of tilapia hybrids (e.g., red tilapia, O. O. mossambicus mossambicus x O. x O. niloticus niloticus and and O.

• O. mossambicus

mossambicus x O. x O. hornorum hornorum in cages within the pond or in separate in cages within the pond or in separate ponds ponds ! ! “ “Manuring Manuring effect” induces phytoplankton bloom of effect” induces phytoplankton bloom of beneficial green algae like beneficial green algae like Chlorella Chlorella that suppresses that suppresses luminous bacteria (e.g., luminous bacteria (e.g., Vibrio Vibrio harveyi harveyi) )

Constraints To Further Constraints To Further Development Development

! ! Lack of salt Lack of salt-

• tolerant tilapia fingerlings for

tolerant tilapia fingerlings for commercial production in commercial production in brackishwater brackishwater ponds and cages ponds and cages ! ! Inadequate extension services for Inadequate extension services for dissemination of technologies dissemination of technologies ! ! Apprehension of environmentalists that tilapia Apprehension of environmentalists that tilapia hybrids “can possibly” invade marine hybrids “can possibly” invade marine ecosystems ecosystems

Recommendations Recommendations

! ! Setting up of more commercial hatcheries for Setting up of more commercial hatcheries for production of salt production of salt-

• tolerant tilapia fingerlings in

tolerant tilapia fingerlings in areas where areas where brackishwater brackishwater ponds are not fully ponds are not fully utilized utilized

Recommendations Recommendations

! ! Beefing up of extension services through training Beefing up of extension services through training

• f extension workers and field demonstrations for
• f extension workers and field demonstrations for

fish fish-

• farmers

farmers

Recommendations Recommendations

! ! There is little or no possibility that tilapia hybrids There is little or no possibility that tilapia hybrids produced through conventional methods will “invade” produced through conventional methods will “invade” marine ecosystems such as coral reef and sea grass marine ecosystems such as coral reef and sea grass beds. beds.

! ! There is a tilapia There is a tilapia-

• like marine fish that is caught in the sea.

like marine fish that is caught in the sea. ! ! Tilapias are Tilapias are lacustrine lacustrine (lake (lake-

• dwelling) species

dwelling) species and have low survival and have low survival in the open sea. in the open sea.

Mabuhay Mabuhay! !