Protein nutrition of farmed tilapia: Protein nutrition of farmed - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Protein nutrition of farmed tilapia: Protein nutrition of farmed tilapia: searching for unconventional searching for unconventional sources sources

Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed

Oceanography Department, Faculty of Science, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt

Tilapia culture Tilapia culture

• Rank third in the world, in terms of

production, after carps and Salmonids.

• One of the fastest growing farming

activities, annual growth rate of 13.4% during 1970–2002.

• Practiced in about 100 countries.
• The production increased from 383,654 mt

in 1990 to 1,505,804 mt in 2002

• 6% of total farmed finfish production in

2002.

• Nutrition: > 50% of operating costs.
• Protein represents 50% of feed cost.
• The selection of proper quantity and quality of

dietary protein is a must

• Tilapia:

Tilapia:

• herbivorous / omnivorous
• low on the food chain
• Produce high quality protein from low quality

food

• The challenge
• Develop commercial, cost effective tilapia feeds

using locally available, cheap and unconventional resources.

Protein requirements

Extensively studied

Results are varying, sometimes contradictory !!

Why? Why?

• Indoor studies
• Short- term (4-8 weeks)
• Sometimes imbalanced diets (Casein vs

casein/gelatin)

• Ignored cost/benefit analysis

35-40 Casein/Gelatin 45 FM 40 FM/SBM Broodstock 30 FM 45-264 30 FM 6.1-16.5 30 Casein 3.50 35 Casein/Gelatin 2.4 Fingerlings 40 FM 0.80 40 FM 0.51 45% FM 0.012 Fry

• O. niloticus
• O. niloticus

Requirement Requirement Protein Protein source source Weight (g) Weight (g) Species and li Species and life fe stage stage

Protein requirements Protein requirements

28

• 8.87
• O. mossambicus X O.

hornorum 32

• 1.24
• O. niloticus X O.

hornorum 28 SBM 21 32 FM 0.6-1.1 20 FM+CSM 145-242

• O. niloticus X O. aureus

35-40 Casein/Gelatin 1.4-1.7 35 Casein 1.35-1.80

• T. zillii

34 Casein/albumen 7.5 56 Casein/albumen 2.50 36 SBM or FM 0.30-0.50

• O. aureus

30-35 FM 6-30 40-50 FM Fry

• O. mossambicus

Require- Require- ment ment Protein Protein source source Weight (g) Weight (g) Species and li Species and life fe stage stage

0.6 1.00 (0.28) 0.43 (0.17) Tryptophan 3.2 1.6 3.75 (1.05) 1.79 2.50 (1.00) Phenylalanine Tyrosine 1.3 2.1 2.68 (0.75) 0.53 0.99 (0.40) 1.33 (0.53) Methionine Cystine 2.6 3.11 (0.87) 2.01 (0.80) Isoleucine 4.3 3.39 (0.95) 3.40 (1.35) Leucine 3.0 2.80 (0.78) 2.20 (0.88) Valine 3.3 3.75 (1.05) 2.93 (1.17) Threonine 1.5 1.72 (0.48) 1.05 (0.42) Histidine 4.1 4.20 (1.18) 2.82 (1.13) 3.80 (1.52) Arginine

• 5.12 (1.43)

3.78 (1.51) 4.05 (1.62) Lysine

• O. niloticus4
• O. niloticus3

O. mossambicus2 O. mossamicus1 Requirement Amino Acid

1Jackson and Capper (1982); 2Jauncey et al. (1983); 3Santiago and Lovell (1988); 4Fagbenro (2000).

Essential Amino acid requirements of tilapia

Major protein sources Major protein sources

Animal Animal protein sources: protein sources: – Fish meal – Fishery by-products – Terrestrial animal by-products Plant protein sources: Plant protein sources: – Oilseed plants – Soybean Meal – Cottonseed meal/cake – Other oilseed by-products – Aquatic plants – Grain legumes Single-cell proteins Single-cell proteins

– deficient in Cys, Lys and Met – gossypol CSM

• deficient in Met, Lys, Cys
• antinutrients:

– protease (trypsin) inhibitor – phytohaemagglutinin – anti-vitamins SBM deficient in Met MBM deficient in Lys and Met HFM deficient in Isol BM deficient in EAA (Lys) PBM free amino acids Fish silage Shortage in supply, increased prices, competition Fish meal

Limitations Limitations Ingredient Ingredient

• O. niloticus (10.8)

20 0-20 Chicken offal silage

• O. niloticus (0.1)

100 0-100 Animal by-products

• O. niloticus (0.01)

66 0-100 HFM

• O. niloticus (3.9)

10 10-50 BM Red tilapia (9) <100 100 BM

• O. niloticus (20)

<100 100 BM

• O. mossambicus (1)

100 0-100 BM

• O. mossambicus (1)

100 0-100 MBM + BM (2:3)

• O. niloticus (20), Red tilapia

100 100 MBM

• O. niloticus (1.4)

40 10 -40 PBM+HFM Hybrids (195) 50 50 PBM

• O. niloticus (20), Red tilapia

100 100 Shrimp meal Animal sources: Animal sources:

recommended tested Species (weight, g) levels (%) levels (%) Source (specification) Protein sources tested and recommended for tilapia

• T. zillii (1.5)

80 0-100 CSM Hybrids (195) 50 50 CSM

• O. mossambicus (12)

50 0-100 CSM

• O. niloticus (20)

100 100 CSM +/- lys Hybrids (169) 100 0-100 SBM + DCP+oil Hybrids (84) 100 0-100 SBM + EAA+ DCP+oil

• O. niloticus (3.2)

100 0-100 Soy protein concentrate Hybrids (4.47) 67 0-100 SBM +/- Met

• O. mossambicus (50)

75 0-100 SBM

• O. aureus (0.3-0.5)

100 0-100 SBM +/- Met

• O. niloticus (0.8)

75 75 SBM +/-Met Oilseed plants Oilseed plants

• T. rendalli (0.93)

20 0-50 Sunflower meal

• T. guineensis (N.A.)

100 100 Macadamia press cake

• O. niloticus (7.5-12)

50 0-100 Macadamia press cake

• O. mossambicus (8.4)

50 20-50 Palm kernel cake

• O. niloticus (2.5)

60 0-100 Palm kernel cake

• T. guineensis (52)

100 100 Defatted cocoa cake

• O. mossambicus (31)

25-50 0-50 Copra meal

• O. mossambicus (0.3 -13 )

15-75 15-75 Rapeseed meal

• O. mossambicus (30)

25 0-100 Groundnut cake

• T. zillii (2.4)

25 0-75 Sesameseed meal

• O. niloticus (N.A)

40 20-40 Yeast

• O. niloticus ( )

30 0-100 Duckweed (Spirodela)

• O. niloticus (14.5)

50 0-50 Duckweed (Lemna)

• O. niloticus (0.4)

50 0-75 Duckweed (Wolffia) Tilapia sp (not given) 50-100 0-100 Duckweed

• O. niloticus (7-14.5)

20-30 20-40 Ceratopyhllum demersum

• O. niloticus (14.5)

25 25-50 Potamogeton

• O. niloticus (7)

20-30 20-40 Eleocharis ochrostachys

• O. niloticus (1), T. zillii (1)

20 0-100 Hydrodictyon

• O. niloticus (4-40)

<25 0-100 Azolla pinnata

• O. mossambicus (0.3)

40 0-100 Spirulina Aquatic pl Aquatic plants ants

• O. niloticus (5)

40-80 20-80 Toasted lima bean+ Met

• O. aureus (9-50)

13- 30 0-39 Coffee pulp

• O. niloticus (...)

10 10-20 Cocoa husks

• T. busumana (1.5)

100 0-100 Pito brewery waste Tilapia (0.4) 35-49 16-49 Corn distillers' grains

• O. niloticus (30)

100 100 Corn gluten + SBM

• O. niloticus (0.16)

20-30 0-50 Cowpea LPC

• O. mossambicus (0.3)

35 15-55 Alfalfa LPC

• O. mossambicus (0.4-0.9)

25 0-35 Jack bean meal

• O. niloticus (2.92)

25-37 13-50 Green gram legume

• O. niloticus (13.8-15.4)

<100 20-100 Cassava leaf meal O.aureus (43-50) 15 0-50 LLM

• O. mossambicus (50)
• O. mossambicus

<25 100 0-50 0-100 Leucaena leaf meal (LLM) Grain legumes Grain legumes

Carbon source (rice bran, wheat bran, wood, Grass cuttings, etc.) C:N ratio = 15:1

Aeration

Aerobic decomposition Nitrogen fixation (Azotobacter) Bacterial growth (Microbial mat)

Intensive Tilapia ponds

• Reduce dietary protein
• Improve fish growth
• Reduce water exchange
• Reduce ammonia
• Reduce cost

Production of natural food in tilapia fish ponds. After El-Sayed, 1999.

The use of unconventional protein sources

1- 1- Amino acid Amino acid vs mi mineral neral supplementation? 1. 1. Is EAA supplementation necessary?? Is EAA supplementation necessary?? 2. 2. Can certain mineral Can certain minerals meet the defi s meet the deficient EAA?? cient EAA?? 1. Sesame meal + Lys or Zinc or both 2. SBM + Met or Phosphorus 3. CSM + Lys

3 4 4 4 4 Vit & min mix 2 2 2 2 2 Fish oil 3 1 1 1 1 SB oil 21 14.5 15 14.5 15 α-cell

30 30

Zn SO4 (mg/g)

0.5 0.5

L-Lys

25 25 25 25

Sesame meal 34 27 27 27 27 Dextrin 11 8 8 8 8 Gelatin 24 18 18 18 18 Casein 5 (cont.) 4 3 2 1 Test diets Ingredients

Growth of T. zillii fed sesame seed based-diets

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time (weeks) fish wt (g)

diet 1 diet 2 (lys) diet 3 (zinc) diet 4 (lys+zinc) diet 5 (control)

112c 21 Corticated CSM + Lys 106c 20 Corticated CSM 144b 20 Decorticated CSM + Lys 138b 19 Decorticated CSM 198a 21 FM FW IW Protein source

Growth of Nile tilapia fed CSM +/- Lysine supplementation

Growth of Nile tilapia fed cottonseed-based diets

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 30 60 90 120 130

Time (days) Weight (g/fish)

FM DC DC+ Lys CC CC + Lys

• 1. High quality protein diet may not be cost effective
• 2. Low quality protein diet may lead to poor growth, but

more profitable.

• 3. Cost/benefit analyses of the feed is necessary
• 4. Consumer target

Cost / benefit analyses Cost / benefit analyses

5.60c 0.62bc 112c 21 CC + Lys 5.32c 0.66b 106c 20 CC 4.59b 0.76b 144b 20 DC + Lys 4.50b 0.77b 138b 19 DC 3.23a 1.07a 198a 21 FM Profit index Incidence cost FW IW Protein source

Performance of Nile tilapia fed CSM-based diets

Growth rates and profit index of Nile tilapia fed CSM-based diet

1 2 3 4 5 6 FM DC DC+Lys CC CC+Lys ADG PI

30.4 29.6 30.0 30.8 30.9 31.6 Crude protein 15.0 10.0 7.0 7.0 4.0 5.0 Α-Cell 2.0 2.0 Phosphorus 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Vit & min. mix 3.0 1.0 2.5 1.5 2.0 2.0 SB oil 3.0 1.0 2.5 1.5 2.0 1.0 Sardine oil 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 Starch 30.0 29.0 36.0 46.0 30.0 45.0 Wheat bran 47.0 Poultry by- product 20.0 40.0 Meat & bone M 15.0 30.0 Blood meal 50.0 Shrimp meal 35.0 FM 6 5 4 3 2 1 Ingredient

Animal protein based-diets fed to Nile tilapia for 150 days.

Growth of Nile tilapia fed different animal protein sources 50 100 150 200 250 300

30 60 90 120 150

Time (days) Weight (g/fish)

FM SM BM MBM PBM BM+MBM

Performance of Nile tilapia fed all-animal protein sources

1.9c 4.1c 220bc 13 BM+MBM 2.3b 3.5b 248ac 12 PBM 2.2b 3.6b 240ac 13 MBM 2.0b 4.0c 199b 12 BM 2.3b 3.4b 258a 12 SM 1.7a 4.8a 273a 13 FM Profit index Incidence cost FW IW Protein

Improving protein quality

Phytase Phytase supplementation upplementation

• Many plant protein sources contain high levels of phytic

acid.

• phytic acid binds with divalent minerals forming water-

insoluble salts.

• The inclusion of bacterial phytase:
• 1. reduces phytic acid activity
• 2. improves the utilization of plant protein sources.
• 3. reduces the effect of antinutritional factors.
• 4. protects amino acids from degradation.
• 5. decreases leaching of water soluble components.

Protein digestibility Protein digestibility

• Problems:
• interchangeable and inconsistent use of

terminology.

• use of ME and DE values interchangeably
• use varying energy values for the same

ingredient under the same terminology.

• Use of energy values reported for other

fish species

86-89 Sunflower SC 93 91 (57) 93 91 (56) 90.9 SBM 79 (72.5) Groundnut meal 90 CSM 97 90.7 Corn gluten 81 56 Copra meal 63 (30) 63 (30) 62 (42) Brewers grains 91.1 Silkworm pupa 74 (59) 87 Shrimp meal 74 (59) Poultry offal 92.2 MBM 85 (83) Fish silage 90 (86) 94 Anchovy 87 (80 Sardine 92 86 (80) 72 (58) 92.2 Fish meal:

Digestibility of some protein sources by tilapia

Conclusions

• Studies should be long enough!!, 2-3 months?
• Applied in the field, if possible
• Use GE, if DE is not available
• Supplementation of certain minerals may meet

the requirement of deficient EAA

• EAA supplementation may not be necessary
• More work needed (case by case..)
• Supplementing plant proteins with Phytase may

be necessary

Thank you