Facts of harmful algal blooms (HABs) Yasuwo Fukuyo Professor - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Facts of harmful algal blooms (HABs)

Yasuwo Fukuyo Professor

Asian Natural Environmental Science Center The University of Tokyo 2012.3.19 Nha Trang, Vietnam

Scientists working together on HABs under WESTPAC/IOC/UNESCO, ORI/JSPS, NOWPAP/UNEP and some other frameworks.

Yogyakarta, Indonesia August 2007

Harmful Algal Bloom Bloom: increase of number of organisms in a certain volume of water as a consequence of biological, physical and chemical environmental condition, including those derived from organisms themselves

Regular phytoplankton (microalgae) community

Some of them have an ability to grow very fast, i.e. one cell division in every 4-6 hours. One cells becomes more than thousand in 2-3 days.

Red tide plankton community

One drop of discolored water by Cochlodinium polykrikoides in the Gulf of Thailand

Toxic plankton community

Several toxic plankton occurs simultaneously. Cell numbers are not high.

HAB?: definition is difficult

Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) is a generic term used to refer events where proliferations of microalgae in marine or brackish waters can cause

• 1. massive fish kills (often associated w/ RT),
• 2. toxin contamination in seafood (TAB), and
• 3. alternation of ecosystems

in ways that humans perceive as harmful. (GEOHAB, 2000) Cell number causing HABs are very different between RT and TAB

• 3. alternation of ecosystems

Honjo 2003 Turner et al. 1998

• 1. Red tide
• 2. Toxic plankton bloom

• 1. Red tide

Red tides 1

Japan, Noctiluca Thailand, Noctiluca Australia, Noctiluca

Red tides 2

Germany, Nodularia Japan, Karenia

Red tides 3

Australia, Gephyrocapsa

Color of red tide can be classified in Reddish (incl. dark red, red, pink, yellow red), Brownish (incl. reddish brown, yellow brown, grayish brown), Yellowish (incl. reddish yellow, brownish yellow), Greenish (incl. yellow green), and others (white and grey).

Red tides 4

The color varies depending on growth stage algae.

Finland, cyanobacteria

Subsurface red tide by Chattonella antiqua detected by change of color made by propeller

• f fishing boats running at red tide area

The color and appearance change by nature of red tide.

Cochlodinium polykrikoides

Usually more than 50 different species can be found Red Tide

Pyrodinium bahamense

1 or 2 species dominant

Red tide plankton community

How many causative species can we count ?

Adachi 1972: 41 species Seto Inland Sea Coordination Office 1992-2000: 46 spec Fukuyo 1992: 48 species

• f dinoflagellates

Number of causative species must be more than 80.

Frequent causative organisms (genus) and red tide case number in western Japan in 1992-2000

Genus names 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Total Noctiluca 31 39 25 18 25 30 24 16 29 237 Gymnodinium 17 10 15 23 32 23 6 8 18 152 Heterosigma 22 22 19 14 12 17 16 15 14 151 Mesodinium 3 6 4 6 3 29 11 18 6 86 Skeletonema 5 10 6 10 8 8 13 9 10 79 Prorocentrum 8 8 5 7 4 13 4 16 9 74 Gonyaulax 7 4 3 1 15 2 1 33 Chaetoceros 1 3 4 2 4 4 4 2 6 30 Chattonella 3 3 1 3 5 2 7 3 27 Thalassiosira 2 6 1 2 1 6 4 22 Heterocapsa 1 1 1 1 4 4 5 1 18 Alexandrium 2 2 3 2 5 14 Leptocylindrus 1 2 2 1 1 3 4 14 Pseudo-Nitzschia 1 1 4 1 3 3 13 Ceratium 1 1 1 6 3 12

dinoflagellates 562/1011

120,000 Het.a 128,000 Het.a 130,000 Het.a 135,000 Het.a 147,150 Het.a 153,000 Het.a 158,500 Gon.ma 160,000 Kar.m 209,000 Pr.ｄ 240,000 diatom 258,000 Het.a 298,000 Het.a 298,000 Het.a 300,000 Het.a 390,000 Het.a 476,700 Het.a

10 Noc.s 20 Noc.s 24 Noc.s 26

• Coc. sp.

50 C.a 50 Noc.s 50 Het.a 75 Noc.s 75 Noc.s 75 Noc.s 95 C.a 100 Noc.s 100 Noc.s 100 Noc.s 100 Noc.s 100 Noc.s 112 Ak.sa

Higher and smaller cell number (cells/ml) in a red tide water (among 762 cases)

Het.a: Heterosigma akashiwo Pr.d: Prorocentrum “dentatum” Kar.m: Karenia mikimotoi Gon.ma: Gonyaulax polygramma High number Lower number

• Ak. sa: Akashiwo sanguinea
• Noc. s: Noctiluca scintillans

C.a: Chattonella amtiqua

• Cos. sp.: Coscinodiscus sp.

coverage of area (km2) of red tide (among 455 cases)

• Ske. c: Skeletonema costatum
• Noc. s: Noctiluca scintillans
• Lep. d: Leptocylindrus danicus

Gon.ma: Gonyaulax polygramma

• Kar. m: Karenia mikimotoi
• Mes. r: Mesodinium rubeum
• Noc. s: Noctiluca scintillans
• C. m: Chattonella marina
• Per. q.: Peridinium quinquecorne

0.0005 Noc.s 0.0020 C.m 0.0020 Noc.s 0.0040 Kar.m 0.0050 Noc.s 0.0050 Pr.d 0.0100 Mes.r 0.0100 Noc.s 0.0100 Noc.s 0.0160 Noc.s 0.0190 Noc.s 0.0200 Per.q 0.0200 Noc.s 0.0200 Noc.s 0.0300 Noc.s 0.0300 Mes.r

Smaller RT

650.0000 Het.a 660.0000 Kar.m 672.0000 Ske.c 675.0000 Ske.c 720.0000 Ske.c 750.0000 Gon.ma 750.0000 Lep.m 828.0000 Lep.d 890.0000 Ske.c 900.0000 Noc.s 1,040.0000 Ske.c 1,040.0000 Ske.c 1,288.0000 Ske.c 1,360.0000 Ske.c 644.0000 Ske.c

Larger RT

640.0000 Ske.c

> 1,000 km2: 4 cases > 800 : 3 > 600 : 14 > 400 : 18 > 200 : 53 > 100 : 43 > 50 : 33 > 10 : 64 > 5 : 36 > 1 :104 < 1 : 83

A half of RTs is < 10 km2

Frequency of red tide duration (among 1020 cases)

25 15 15 14 16 13 16 12 23 11 14 10 23 9 49 8 40 7 34 6 51 5 56 4 74 3 111 2 276 1

Case number

RT Days

9 30 7 29 3 28 7 27 1 26 6 25 3 24 3 23 20 22 7 21 8 20 14 19 12 18 13 17 13 16 2 45 1 44 2 43 1 42 41 4 40 39 2 38 3 37 5 36 1 35 1 34 2 33 5 32 3 31 1 60 59 2 58 1 57 56 1 55 1 54 1 53 2 52 51 4 50 1 49 1 48 1 47 1 46 101 5

Total

1 106 1 99 1 97 1 94 1 87 1 85 1 81 1 80 1 76 3 72 1 71 1 69 2 65 1 64

517 642 728 823

A half of Ts is < 4 days

Total

What is the definition of “red tide” ? water discoloration What is the color of red tides ? variable How many species can we find in red tide water ? 1 How many causative species (genus) can we count ? 80 How many red tide number can we observe? 200 What is the highest cell number in red tide water ? 10 – 47,670 cells/ml How much area did red tides cover ? 0.0005 – 1,36 km2 How many days did red tides last ? 1-106 days Red tide is easy to define, but its actual condition is so variable and difficult to draw typical figure.

Red Tide

Noctiluca in Spain Noctiluca in Thailand Nodularia in Germany

Red tides occurring off shore may not be harmful. But we have to observe change of fish catch (whether wild fish run away e.g. decrease of catch), mental impact to people (decrease of purchase) to confirm harmfulness. Red tide: discoloration of water by high concentration

• f planktonic microalgae

Red Tide

Noctiluca in Japan Gymnodinium in Japan by Chattonella in Japan

Red tides occurring near shore sometimes cause mass mortality of fish, especially in cages. Therefore they are sometimes harmful.

by Chattonella in Japan

Red Tide: Harmful

by Cochlodinium in Korea by Karenia in Hong Kong

Mass mortality of fish

Red Tide: sometimes harmful to shellfish also Mass mortality of shellfish

Red Tide

Photosynthetic microalgae uptake nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous compounds) and reduce eutrophication in a rather short time……Useful! Diatom red tide prevents wide occurrence of raphidophyte red tide in time and area…Useful! But sometimes, some species kills marine fauna and flora, especially those being cultivated in aquaculture cages (those not being able to escape).

…….Harmful!

All microalgae have potential to become harmful. Harmfulness occurs depending on environment. In Japan ca. 10% red tides (1/10 cases) are harmful.

Example on Blooming mechanism Chattonella (raphidophyte) Cyst maker; cyst germination regulated by temperature; simultaneous germination; grow well under high nutrient condition (easily adapt to eutrophic condition)

Example on Spreading mechanism Heterocapsa makes temporary cyst which can survive inside shells for a day during trans- plantation of bivalves.

瀬戸内海における赤潮発生件数と漁業被害件数の推移 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 1950 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 2000 年次 赤潮発生件数 5 10 15 20 収穫量（10,000 t） 赤潮発生件数 ブリ類養殖収穫量（10,000 t） Red tide case number

Red tide case number

Yellow tail fish Production Production of yellow tail fish by aquaculture (x 1,000t)

No data on red tide case Parallel increase of red tide occurrences and yellow tail fish aquaculture industry are obvious. Closer observation of red tide cases between 1968 and 2000

‘70 ‘75 ‘80 ‘85 ‘90 ‘95 ‘00

In the early stage red tides with fisheries damages occupied nearly half of the cases. After the early stage red tides with fisheries damages occupied almost 10% of the case number.

Aquaculture activity induce the following changes:

• 1. water quality, especially nutrients in water,
• 2. sediment quality by accumulation of substances,
• 3. phytoplankton community.

Because phytoplankton uses nutrients in water as fertilizer and increases its population. Accumulated substances in sediments is source of nutrients in

• water. It means that nutrient supply continues until

sediment quality recovers. Phytoplankton is a base of food web in aquatic

• environment. Therefore these changes then induce

changes in other components of the coastal zone area such as benthos and nekton communities, later.

Mechanism: factors related to red tide

problem

Mass mortality of milkfish, associating with red tide of Prorocentrum minimum in the Philippines

late January to early February 2002

• Bolinao Bay

Shrimp culture ponds in Cam Ranh, Khanh Hoa, Vietnam

• 2. Toxin Producer

Problems caused by toxin producing plankton

Toxin contamination in shellfish and fish, Human poisoning (PSP , DSP , ASP , NSP , Ciguatera)

People got sick, sometime died. Occur more in low-nutrient waters than in eutrophic waters. Seafood Safety problem

toxin

Toxic plankton

Toxin contamination People get poisoning by eating toxic shellfish

Toxic plankton is the alga that produce (or keep after uptake) toxins inside cell. The toxins cause illness in vertebrates, including mankind. Symptom varies depending on toxins, i.e. PSP , DSP , NSP , ASP and ciguatera.

Appearance of toxic shellfish is not different from non-toxic ones

Nature of toxins and symptom of poisonings will be described by

• Ms. Dao Viet Ha

Five poisoning types Different symptom by different toxins which are produced by different types

• f organisms

PSP ciguatera ASP DSP NSP

1970 2000

Expansion of areas suffered by PSP (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning)

14 427 609 34 2000 17 17 44 44 1 182 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Philippine s Philippine s T ha ila nd T ha ila nd Ma la ysia Ma la ysia Indone sia Indone sia Brune i Brune i

PSP c a se s PSP c a se s De a th De a th

14 427 609 34 2163 17 44 44 1 198 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Philippine s T ha ila nd Ma la ysia Indone sia Brune i

de a d c a se pa tie nts

(1976-2006) Number of poisoning cases with fatal ones occurred after eating shellfish contaminated by toxins produced by plankton in Southeast Asia

PSP cases in the Philippines

Clipping of Newspaper in the Philippines

Expansion of area affected by PSP

July 1983 Aug 1983 Sep 1983 Apr 1987 June 1994 Dec 1997 Aug 1988 Nov 1988 Feb 1990 Sep 1990 Oct 1991 Oct 1998

PSP case number in the Philippines 1991 80 9 2001 case casualty 1992 269 11 2002 34 3 1983 289 23 1993 282 14 2003 18 3 1984 1994 58 6 2004 1985 1995 121 8 2005 25 1 1986 1996 157 8 2006 86 9 1987 226 7 1997 92 4 2007 1988 307 16 1998 181 3 Total 2,267 134 1989 31 7 1999 7 1 1990 14 1 2000 Problems are less serious recently.

2006

PSP recurrence

1st 1983 2nd 1999 3rd 2006

Expansion of area affected by PSP toxin contamination in cultured shellfish in Japan

Serious economic loss, but no poisoning case

People died in the Philippines People are saved in Canada

Dinophysis caudata Dinophysis mitra Dinophysis miles

DSP

Causative organisms occur widely, but poisoning occurrence has not surveyed yet.

Toxic species found in temperate area

• P. australis
• P. delicatissima
• P. multiseries
• P. multistriata
• P. pseudodelicatissima
• P. seriata

ASP

Distribution in tropical area is not known.

Poisoning Problems in the Western Pacific PSP: Serious 1980s and 1990s, but few cases after 2000; causative species increases; area increases DSP: Toxic dinoflagellates are detected, but no monitoring on toxicity in shellfish ASP: Toxic diatoms are detected, but no monitoring on toxicity in shellfish NSP: Few studies Ciguatera: 1997- Philippines and Hong Kong; several studies on benthic dinoflagellates, but few on toxicity of fishes

Gambierdiscus toxicus

It presents an acute neurological disease manifested by gastrointestinal, neurological and cardiovascular signs and symptoms within a few hours of contaminated fish ingestion.

CFP is the most commonly reported marine toxin disease in tropical and sub- tropical countries, associated with consumption of contaminated reef fishes.

Currently, the country is facing health and economic problems due to CFP .

Dinoflagellates responsible for Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP)

Fish Poisoning associated with HAB

• Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP)

From: BFAR Philippines

Poisoning Problems in the Western Pacific PSP: Serious 1980s and 1990s, but few cases after 2000; causative species increases; area increases DSP: Toxic dinoflagellates are detected, but no monitoring on toxicity in shellfish ASP: Toxic diatoms are detected, but no monitoring on toxicity in shellfish NSP: Few studies Ciguatera: 1997- Philippines and Hong Kong; several studies on benthic dinoflagellates, but few on toxicity of fishes