5/8/2015 The Islamic Civilization A Study of the Faith / Empire / - - PDF document

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The Islamic Civilization A Study of the Faith / Empire / Culture

Mecca / Makkah

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Isolated Peninsula Southwestern = Fertile Remainder = Arid Plains / Desert

Agriculture along the coastal areas Bedouin Tribes / Nomadic / Sheikh Crossroads of trade – Oasis

• Towns emerge
• Makkah / Mecca
• Kaaba
• Polytheistic

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Byzantine Empire Vs. Sassanian (Persian) Empire

• Byzantines struggle against the expansion
• f the Sassanians
• Struggle for Jerusalem (Real First

Crusade)

• Weaken each other militarily
• Neither really dominates the area of the

Arabian Peninsula

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Mohammed

Born 570 – Mecca

• Orphaned
• Lives with uncle
• Become a Merchant
• Travels throughout the

Middle East

• Marries Khadija (15 yrs older)
• Influenced by Christianity and

Judaism The Flight of Mohammed Hijrah (Hegira)

• Start of the Islamic

Calendar – 622 A.D.

• Medina Compact
• Political Capital of Islam

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During Mohammed’s Life After Mohammed’s Death

Expansion of Islam

Mohammed Enters Mecca – 630 A.D. Kaaba becomes place

• f worship tied

to Abraham Mohammed dies at Medina in 632 A.D.

Fought to re-establish power of “Rightly Guided Caliphs”

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The Kaaba

Exterior Interior

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Islam = “Submission to the Will of God”

Koran / Quran (“Recital”) Written in Arabic

Final authority in matters of faith and lifestyle

• God’s messages revealed to Mohammed
• Old Testament Stories
• Specific Rules
• Alcohol

Shari’ah

• Quran / Sayings of Mohammed
• Islamic moral principles
• Public / Private Life

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Building the Islamic Empire through military conquest

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The Spread of Islam The Early Islamic Warrior

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Expansion of Islam

Caliph = “Successor” Mohammed left no clear line of succession Rightly Guided Caliphs (Rashidun Caliphs) -- 632 A.D. – 661 A.D.

• Four immediate successors of Mohammed
• All knew, lived, followed Mohammed

Abu Bakr (632 – 634) Father-in-Law, Died Naturally Omar (634 – 644) Appointed by Abu Bakr, Assassinated Othman (644 – 656) Elected by peers, Assassinated Ali (656 – 661) Cousin and son-in-law (Fatima), Assassinated

“jihad” begins

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Islam Fragments

661 Death of Ali --- Muawiyah (Governor of Syria) Husayn (Ali’s son later killed in battle – 680 A.D.) Establishment of the Umayyad Dynasty (661 – 750 A.D.)

• Damascus established as capital city instead of Medina
• Greatest Period of Islamic Expansion

Divisions in the Islamic Faith Emerge Umayyad’s Political Leaders Sunni Muslims 90% in the World Fatimah – Mohammed’s Descendants Religious Leaders Shiite Muslims 10% in the World Further divided into smaller sects Settle in North Africa (Fatimid's)

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Continues Dynasty in Spain Emirate / Caliphate of Cordoba (756 – 1031)

The Umayyad Dynasty in Power 661 – 750 A.D.

• Spread Arabic Language
• Minted 1st Arabic Currency
• Built Roads

Overthrown in 750

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The Umayyad Political World

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Expansion into Europe (Spain) 711 – 714 A.D. Defeat the Catholic Visigoths Internal Civil War

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Prince Eudes (Aquitaine) Meets (S.W. Paris) with Charles Martel (732)

Old Enemies – Warns about the Advance of the Muslims

Notice Absence

• f Stirrups!)

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Arab / Muslim Expansion into Europe

Charles Martel & Eudes Meet 732 A.D.

Arab Raids into France 714 - 731

Summer 732 A.D.

Franks = 20 – 30,000 Troops Arabs = 15 – 20,000 Troops

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Muslim Raiding Party Advances past Poitiers, France

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Key Turning Point

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Major fight at Muslim Camp

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Death of Abd al-Rahman / End of Muslim Efforts for Expansion into Western Europe

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Muslim Forces Retreat at the Death of their Leader

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Muslim Focus on Spain Begins

Eight Centuries  711 – 1492 Distinct Culture  Combination of Europe / N. Africa / Middle East Cordoba / Cordova  Umayyad Capital  70 Libraries – 500,000 books Granada  Alhambra

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Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba “al-Andalus” (Andalusia) 27

Exterior of the Cordoba Cathedral European Features Islamic Features

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Traditional Catholic Church Interior

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Combination

• f Islamic

Architecture and European Gothic Islamic Features Catholic Features

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Rise of the Abbasid Dynasty 747 – 750 A.D.

• Baghdad becomes capital of the Islamic Empire
• Islamic Culture emerges as being distinct and unique
• Height of Islamic Culture reached under early Abbasid rulers
• Abbasid dynasty rules 750 – 1258

Dissatisfaction with Umayyad's

• Discrimination among non-Arabs / Others
• Shiite opposition join
• Rebel in areas to east – Iraq / Persia

Descendant of Mohammed comes to power

• Baghdad becomes new Abbasid capital
• Tigris River
• Trade Routes

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Height of Islamic Culture

Caliph Harun al-Rashid (786 – 809) Baghdad Flourishes Corresponds with Charlemagne

• Charlemagne sent illuminated manuscripts & bales of furs
• Harun al-Rashid sent fabrics, perfumes and an elephant named Abu-

Lababah (“Father of Intelligence”)

Baghdad center of trade routes – Population

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Abbasids live in luxurious surroundings

• Begin to become corrupt over time.

Women lose much of their freedoms – veiled, secluded Lose control over North Africa and Spain Rely on Seljuk Turks as Mercenaries – 1055 – Seljuk’s assume control

• Abbasid Ruler becomes a figurehead

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Will control nearly all of North Africa Internal Divisions / Will Face the Crusades Fall to Ayyubid Dynasty / Rise of Saladin Fatimid’s Emerge in North Africa and Egypt Rule 909 – 1171 Cairo is capital city Shiite Islam

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Ayyubid Dynasty Saladin Fight the Crusaders Eventually recapture the areas taken by the Europeans during the Crusades (1099 – 1291)

Face a new threat – the Mongols

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Persian Muslims set up cities – Samarkand -- Tamerlane Mongol Advance from the East Baghdad sacked and destroyed in 1258

• Muslim world is shattered

Mongols continue advance to the west “Tomb of the King”

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Mamluks of Egypt Halt Mongols

• Horse Archers
• Similar Tactics
• Only Mongol Defeat
• Save Islam for Middle East?

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The Islamic Culture Develops

Role of Men and Women in Society (Distinct) Women: Lives revolved around family (1 of 4 Wives) Some other roles available – Scholarship / Arts Men: Politics / Military / Business Responsible for family – treat women fairly Education: Boys (age 7) – Mosque schools (small costs) Madrasas (Theological schools) -- Select become leaders

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Agriculture: Irrigation / Fruit Orchards Trade: Crossroads Bazaars / Marketplaces / Urban Centers

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Damascene Jewelry

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House of Wisdom -- Baghdad

Ma’mun – 830 Intellectual Center – Research / Science Translation of earlier literature – Greek / Persian / Indian

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Cultural - Scholarship

Mathematics: Arabic Numerals – India Chemistry & Medicine: al-Razi / Classify Substances Ibn Sina / “Canon of Medicine” Art and Architecture: Calligraphy / Elegant Handwriting Arabesques / Geometric Designs Literature: Omar Khayyam / “Rubaiyat”

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Cultural - Scholarship

Literature: Omar Khayyam / “Rubaiyat”

19th Century Loose English Translation

"A Book of Verses underneath the Bough, A Jug of Wine, a Loaf of Bread--and Thou Beside me singing in the Wilderness-- Oh, Wilderness were Paradise enow!"

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Cultural - Scholarship

Mathematics: Arabic Numerals – India Chemistry & Medicine: al-Razi / Classify Substances Ibn Sina / “Canon of Medicine” Art and Architecture: Calligraphy / Elegant Handwriting Arabesques / Geometric Designs Literature: Omar Khayyam / “Rubaiyat” Arabian Nights Tales

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Cultural - Scholarship

Mathematics: Arabic Numerals – India Chemistry & Medicine: al-Razi / Classify Substances Ibn Sina / “Canon of Medicine” Art and Architecture: Calligraphy / Elegant Handwriting Arabesques / Geometric Designs Literature: Omar Khayyam / “Rubaiyat” Arabian Nights Tales Philosophy & History: Averroes (Ibn-Rushd) & Moses Maimonides Correspondence with St. Thomas Aquinas?

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Examples of Islamic Architecture