Photovoltaics and Electrical Storage Jeffrey S. Tiller, PE and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Photovoltaics and Electrical Storage

Jeffrey S. Tiller, PE and Brian Raichle, Ph.D. Appalachian State University tillerjs@appstate.edu For presentation at the Green Energy Conference October 17, 2014

Es Estimated Global Installed C Capacity o

• f En

Energy St Stor

• rage

(from

• m E

Energy gy Storage Assoc

• ciates p

presentation

• n)

Source: StrateGen Consulting, LLC research; thermal storage installed and announced capacity estimated by Ice Energy and Calmac. Note: Estimates include thermal energy storage for cooling only. Figures current as of April, 2010.

Com Comparis ison of

• f St

Stor

• rage T

Tec echnolo logie ies s

(Elec ectrical S Storage A Asso sociation)

Storage Technology Main Advantages Disadvantages Power Application Energy Application Flow batteries High capacity, independed power and energy ratings Low energy density Reasonable for this application Fully capable and reasonable Sodium-sulfur batteries High power and energy densities, high efficiency Production cost high, safety concerns Fully capable and reasonable Fully capable and reasonable Li-ion batteries High power and energy densities, high efficiency High production cost, requires special charging circuit Fully capable and reasonable Feasible, but not quite practical or economical Other advanced batteries High power and energy densities, high efficiency High production cost Fully capable and reasonable Feasible, but not quite practical or economical Lead acid batteries Low capital cost Limited life cycle when deeply charged Fully capable and reasonable Feasible, but not quite practical or economical Flywheels High power Low energy density Fully capable and reasonable Feasible, but not quite practical or economical Pumped hydro High capacity, low cost Special site requirements Not feasible or economical Fully capable and reasonable Compressed air energy storage High capacity, low cost Special site requirements, needs gas fuel Not feasible or economical Fully capable and reasonable

Gl Glob

• bal Market Share o

e of Ener ergy gy Storage e Develop

• per

ers

Rea easons s for

• r el

elec ectric ical l stor

• rage

1.

Generation profile = Load profile In such a case, some load shifting is required

Ex Example of D Different P PV Generation and Load

AES S Ener ergy St Stor

• rage
• AES has exceeded 100

Megawatts of installed electrical storage

• Dayton Power and Light 40

MW plant (to the left)

• Most of their projects used

sealed battery systems

Rea easons s for

• r el

elec ectric ical l stor

• rage

2.

Peak shaving is needed to reduce cost of generation In such a case, some load shifting is required

Ex Example of P Peak S Shavi ving with Solar P r PV

 Solar Decathlon Europe Project  Appalachian State/ University of Angers (Fr) Project  Taiwan’s Orchid House  Sample rules

 Max of 6 kW Photovoltaics  Only receive points if PV production > Electricity consumption  Credit for not using grid electricity between 17:00 and 22:00  Battery storage limited to 5 kWh

ASU SU/ A Angers Sola Solar D Dec ecathlo lon Hou

• use

se Un Under er Construction

• n i

in B Boon

• one,

e, NC NC

Ho House Disassem embled ed

Under r Constru ruction i in F France

The Interi rior

Dedication in France

Tai aiwan Entry i y in n Solar ar De Decathlon 2014: 2014: The Orchid d Hous use

The Taiwan Team Perf rform rmed W Well – 4 t troph phies!

Solar ar De Decathlon E Eur urope 2014: 2014: Key Ru Rule les s for

• r PV

V Systems

 Maximum of 5 kW peak  Commercially available system  Batteries limited to 6 kWh of storage  Battery bank inverter < 5 kW

Solar ar De Decathlon E Eur urope 2014 2014 – Points for t r the following:

 PV Production > Electricity Consumption  Minimize electricity purchased from the electricity grid

from 17:00 to 22:00

 Minimize the power demand (in kW) relative to the power

supplied (in kW) by the PV system

 Maintain temperature and relative humidity in the house

throughout the monitoring period

Si Simplif ifie ied PV S V System f for

• r Sola

Solar Dec ecathlo lon Project

Inverter, Controls, and Monitoring Battery Bank Electrical Grid

Sola Solar Dec ecathlo lon H Hou

• use

se – 3 Sample D Days

• 6000
• 4000
• 2000

2000 4000 6000 7/03, 01:20 7/03, 02:38 7/03, 03:56 7/03, 05:14 7/03, 06:32 7/03, 07:50 7/03, 09:08 7/03, 10:26 7/03, 11:44 7/03, 13:02 7/03, 14:20 7/03, 15:38 7/03, 16:56 7/03, 18:14 7/03, 19:32 7/03, 20:50 7/03, 22:08 7/03, 23:26 7/04, 00:44 7/04, 02:02 7/04, 03:20 7/04, 04:38 7/04, 05:56 7/04, 07:14 7/04, 08:32 7/04, 09:50 7/04, 11:08 7/04, 12:26 7/04, 13:44 7/04, 15:02 7/04, 16:20 7/04, 17:38 7/04, 18:56 7/04, 20:14 7/04, 21:32 7/04, 22:50 7/05, 00:08 7/05, 01:26 7/05, 02:44 7/05, 04:02 7/05, 05:20 7/05, 06:38 7/05, 07:56 7/05, 09:14 7/05, 10:32 7/05, 11:50 7/05, 13:08 7/05, 14:26 7/05, 15:44 7/05, 17:02 7/05, 18:20 7/05, 19:38 7/05, 20:56 7/05, 22:14 7/05, 23:32 7/06, 00:50 7/06, 02:08 Production (W) Building Load (W) Batteries (W) Grid Power (W)

Solar D r Decathlon P Project: Perf rform rmance duri ring day

• 5000
• 4000
• 3000
• 2000
• 1000

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 12:00 12:17 12:34 12:51 13:08 13:25 13:42 13:59 14:16 14:33 14:50 15:07 15:24 15:41 15:58 16:15 16:32 16:49 17:06 17:23 17:40 17:57 18:14 18:31 18:48 19:05 19:22 19:39 19:56 20:13 20:30 20:47 21:04 21:21 21:38 21:55 22:12 22:29 22:46 23:03 23:20 23:37 Production (W) Building Load (W) Batteries (W) Grid Power (W)

Solar D r Decathlon P Project: Perf rform rmance at end of day ay

• 5000
• 4000
• 3000
• 2000
• 1000

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 1 13 25 37 49 61 73 85 97 109 121 133 145 157 169 181 193 205 217 229 241 253 265 277 289 301 313 325 337 349 361 373 385 397 409 421 433 445 457 469 PV output (W) Building Load (W) Battery In/Out (W) Grid In/Out (W)

ASU S U Solar Decathlon

• n Ho

House e Performance e with Integrated St Stor

• rage

Day Building Load (kWh) PV Production (kWh) Grid Power Used (kWh) Power Sent to Grid (kWh) Battery Draws (kWh) 30-Jun 18.0 23.9 5.7 13.3 4.1 1-Jul 15.5 20.1 4.6 6.8 4.0 2-Jul 10.2 35.4 0.2 23.0 2.6 3-Jul 12.8 33.3 0.4 21.3 4.2 4-Jul 5.4 15.0 1.8 6.8 0.6 5-Jul 2.7 13.4 0.7 11.1 1.1 6-Jul 2.5 10.1 0.2 6.7 1.3 7-Jul 7.9 20.6 0.2 12.3 4.0 8-Jul 7.0 18.1 0.2 8.9 2.2 9-Jul 8.2 8.0 0.6 0.9 5.8 10-Jul 11.5 3.2 8.8 0.2 1.0 11-Jul 7.8 19.1 2.8 10.1 1.2 Totals 109.3 220.2 26.0 121.2 32.2

Solar Decathlon

• n P

Proj

• jec

ect Compari rison of 3 3 Cases:

• 1. No PV

PV

• 2. PV w

with th no storage

• 3. PV with s

sto torage

• 6000
• 4000
• 2000

No Photovoltaics

No PV/ Power from Grid

• 6000
• 4000
• 2000

2000 4000 6000

Photovoltaics but no storage

PV/ Power from Grid PV/ PV to Grid

• 6000
• 4000
• 2000

2000 4000 6000

6/30, 00:00 6/30, 09:54 6/30, 19:48 7/01, 05:42 7/01, 15:36 7/02, 01:30 7/02, 11:24 7/02, 21:18 7/03, 07:12 7/03, 17:06 7/04, 03:00 7/04, 12:54 7/04, 22:48 7/05, 08:42 7/05, 18:36 7/06, 04:30 7/06, 14:24 7/07, 00:18 7/07, 10:12 7/07, 20:06 7/08, 06:00 7/08, 15:54 7/09, 01:48 7/09, 11:42 7/09, 21:36 7/10, 07:30 7/10, 17:24 7/11, 03:18 7/11, 13:12

Photovoltaics with storage

PV+Storage/ Power from Grid PV+Storage/ PV to Grid

Rea easons s for

• r el

elec ectric ical l stor

• rage
• 3. PV generation needs to be more constant due to

variations during partly cloudy days

Solar a r and Wind Power r is Typically Interm rmittent

From Energy Storage Associates presentation

• 200

400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600

19:12 0:00 4:48 9:36 14:24 Wind Farm Output

27

Energy Storage can smooth the abrupt changes of renewable generation to the acceptable limit the grid can handle. Photovoltaic (PV) or Wind Power Smoothing

Required Output Traditional Generation

~ ~

Renew able Energy Integration

Wind P Power Smoothi hing ng with B Batt ttery St Stor

• rage

 Source: www.altairnano.com

Solar T r Therm rmal T Test F Facility ty – One One-Minute D Data ta

 Appalachian State

University Solar Research and Education Labs

3

Photovoltaics

 3 Sharp ND224UC1 panels each independently grid

connected with an enPhase M190 microinverter

1-axis tracker 2-axis tracker Fixed angle

Photovoltaics

 1-axis tracker: Zomeworks  Passively driven by differential heating of Freon

Photovoltaics

 2-axis tracker: Wattsun

Driven by active controls and electric motors

Photovoltaics

enPhase 190 W

micro-inverter

Photovoltaics – Monitoring Syst ystem

Solar T r Therm rmal

Flat plate Heat pipe tubes Compound Parabolic Concentrator

Solar T r Therm rmal

 Three solar thermal collectors with very different

geometries

Flat Plate (Alternate Energy Technologies) Compound Parabolic Concentrator (Solargenix) Heat Pipe Tube (Solar Collectors Inc)

 All mounted at fixed angle on the roof

Data C Collection

 Campbell

Scientific

 CR1000

logger

 LoggerNet

software

Meteorological i instru trumentation

 Ambient Temperature and

Humidity

 Wind Speed and Direction  Tipping Rain Bucket

Meteorological i instru trumentation

Solar R r Radiation instru rumentation

 Direct Beam Radiation (DNI)  Global Diffuse Radiation (GDIFF)  Plane of Aperture Radiation (POA)

Direct t beam R Radiation

Pyrheliometer:

research grade tracker that points a collimated pyranometer at the sun

Shadowed pyranometer Collimated pyranometer

Pl Plane o

• f Ap

Apertu rture Radiation

Solar R r Radiation instru rumentation

Solar T r Therm rmal

PV PV – Integrated S Storage System S Strategies

 Since levels of insolation are

difficult to predict, improved weather models are needed

 We developed a curve for each day

using the average sunlight per hour for the previous 5 days

 The values on this curve formed

the basis for targeting PV output to the grid and to battery storage

 As each day progressed, the PV

• utput was corrected based on how

insolation levels matched the averages

20 40 60 80 100 120 5: 32 6: 27 7: 22 8: 17 9: 12 10: 7 11: 2 11: 57 12: 52 13: 47 14: 42 15: 37 16: 32 17: 27 18: 22 19: 17

Average Watts from 12 to 16 July

Example le of

• f Gen

eneratio ion Levelin eling with Ba Batter ery St Stor

• rage

0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00

5: 32 5: 58 6: 24 6: 50 7: 16 7: 42 8: 8 8: 34 9: 0 9: 26 9: 52 10: 18 10: 44 11: 10 11: 36 12: 2 12: 28 12: 54 13: 20 13: 46 14: 12 14: 38 15: 4 15: 30 15: 56 16: 22 16: 48 17: 14 17: 40 18: 6 18: 32 18: 58

PV Output System Output

PV Pl Plant should function as a conventional power r plant

 Credit to AEG

AEG Layout of

• f Bu

Build ldin ing E Energy St Stor

• rage

e System

Prot

• toty
• type

Layou

• ut o
• f A

AEG G Storage S Syste tem

Prototype La

Inverter a and AC/DC Ca Cabi binet

Prototype La

Proty

• type Layout
• f B

Battery Cont ntainer

Prototype La

Sample of Solar/Storage projects under w ay in the U.S.

 Duke Energy - Rankin Substation  Sodium Nickel Chloride for PV smoothing  Duke Energy – Marshall Substation  Lithium Ion for Peak Shaving  Chevron Santa Rita Jail Micro grid project  Lithium Ion for PV smoothing and Load shifting  San Diego Gas and Electric  Lithium Ion for PV Smoothing  PNM ARRA Funded Solar Smoothing and Load Shift  Advanced lead acid batteries

From: Brad Roberts presentation, Electricity Storage Association, SunSpec Alliance Member’s Summit 2013, Las Vegas, NV.

Public Service of New Mexico ARRA Project for Solar Integration w ith Storage

From: Brad Roberts presentation, Electricity Storage Association, SunSpec Alliance Member’s Summit 2013, Las Vegas, NV.

PNM Project to Demonstrate Smoothing and Load Shifting of Solar Energy

Project utilizes two advanced lead-acid technologies from East Penn

Manufacturing

Advanced lead acid for load shifting the solar peak to allow for dispatching at the

highest load peak

UltraBattery for smoothing of the solar output to demonstrate the high cycling

capability of the technology

Battery Ratings:

Advanced Lead Acid…..250 kW for 4 hours UltraBattery…………….500 kW for 30 minutes

From: Brad Roberts presentation, Electricity Storage Association, SunSpec Alliance Member’s Summit 2013, Las Vegas, NV.

Kansas Hybrid Wind Solar & Storage Project Overview

Use the SPP methodology to establish average capacity credit for the summer months:

A stand-alone solar facility yields 50% more capacity than wind A hybrid facility yields 80% more capacity credit than one wind and one solar

stand-alone facility

A hybrid facility with 6 hours of storage yields 160% more capacity credit than the

stand-alone wind and solar facilities

• Values based on a hybrid facility of 100 MWs of wind, 20 MWs of solar and 15

MWs of storage for 6 hours. These are the optimum values for maximum benefit

From: Brad Roberts presentation, Electricity Storage Association, SunSpec Alliance Member’s Summit 2013, Las Vegas, NV.

CES – Community Energy Storage

Communications

…

Distributed Energy Management Controller (DEM)

CES Units

From: Brad Roberts presentation, Electricity Storage Association, SunSpec Alliance Member’s Summit 2013, Las Vegas, NV.

Typical CES Installation

(AEG Presentation)

From: Brad Roberts presentation, Electricity Storage Association, SunSpec Alliance Member’s Summit 2013, Las Vegas, NV.

Wide-Scale Deployment of CES

DMS – Situational Awareness Fleet Management – Set and Forget Substation 1 Substation 2 Substation 3 Fleet 1 Fleet 2 Fleet 3 Feeders & Communication Infrastructure

From: Brad Roberts presentation, Electricity Storage Association, SunSpec Alliance Member’s Summit 2013, Las Vegas, NV.

Questions?