LCS 11: Cognitive Science quickly you hardly catch it going? Its - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Has it ever struck you ...that life is Pomona College all memory, except for the one present moment that goes by so LCS 11: Cognitive Science quickly you hardly catch it going? It’s really all memory ...except for Memory - long and short each passing moment. Tennessee Williams. The milk train Jesse A. Harris doesn’t stop here anymore. March 4, 2013 Jesse A. Harris: LCS 11: Cognitive Science, Memory - long and short 1 Agenda Exercise Recollection Recall your childhood home or a building that you spent ֠ Basic types of long term memory significant portions of time growing up. ֠ Working memory 1. What color were the walls? ֠ Schedule for unit modified 2. How many rooms did it have? Mar 6 Schacter, 2001; ch. 2-3 3. How many windows did it have? Mar 11 Loftus, 1997; Schacter, 2001: ch. 5 Mar 13 Bartlett, 1932; Schacter, 2001; ch. 6 Introspection Class attendance on Mar 13 optional! Subjectively, what was the experience of recollecting like? Discussion of writing prompt and final Which experiences felt like projects. 1. Long term memory? 2. Short term memory? Jesse A. Harris: LCS 11: Cognitive Science, Memory - long and short 3 Jesse A. Harris: LCS 11: Cognitive Science, Memory - long and short 4

Types of long term memory Types of long term memory Propositional Memory Sometimes described as knowing that – memory Long Term Memory representations for factual information or knowledge stored within the memory system. Propositional/Factual Procedural Episodic Knowledge about specific events, e.g., the day when you were accepted to Pomona College. Skill Episodic Semantic Subtypes include recognition and recall memory. Semantic General facts about the world, e.g., where Pomona College is, what its students are like, etc. Jesse A. Harris: LCS 11: Cognitive Science, Memory - long and short 5 Jesse A. Harris: LCS 11: Cognitive Science, Memory - long and short 6 Types of long term memory Long term memory Amnesia Memory deficit manifested by damage, disease, or trauma. Procedural Memory 1. Retrograde - inability to recollect before damage Sometimes described as knowing how – memory for how to 2. Anterograde - inability to recollect after damage perform actions, solve problems, etc. Different components likely associated with physically Skill Knowledge about how to perform a task, e.g., different locations in the brain. riding a bike; may be non-conscious. Double dissociation in amnesiacs: 1. Poor episodic memory but intact semantic memory 2. Poor semantic memory but intact episodic memory Jesse A. Harris: LCS 11: Cognitive Science, Memory - long and short 7 Jesse A. Harris: LCS 11: Cognitive Science, Memory - long and short 8

Patient HM Long term memory ◮ Severe epilepsy after bike accident at 9 Getting to long term memory ◮ Hippocampi and amygdalae In a way, long term memory is all about the past. Other removed in late 20s memory systems deal with the present. ◮ Severe anterograde amnesia Sensory Extremely short retention of sensation. afterwards unable to form new long term memories Working Slightly longer retention of information made available to conscious processing ◮ Yet, showed some retention of procedural knowledge, as well as a few highly salient facts, Henry Gustav Molaison such as Kennedy’s assassination. 1926–2008 Jesse A. Harris: LCS 11: Cognitive Science, Memory - long and short 9 Jesse A. Harris: LCS 11: Cognitive Science, Memory - long and short 10 Sensory memory Properties of the STM system ◮ Initial stage of memory encoding ◮ Short-term (working) memory allows us to maintain in which sensory input is information accessible to conscious thought for short retained for very short time periods of time. spans. ◮ Necessary when executing tasks ◮ Visual input held in memory - ◮ Two major questions in research in this area trails added to sparklers; fi ll in 1. Capacity: How much information does STM hold? visual input in fi lms. 2. Duration: How long does information persist in STM? ◮ Auditory input held in memory Jesse A. Harris: LCS 11: Cognitive Science, Memory - long and short 11 Jesse A. Harris: LCS 11: Cognitive Science, Memory - long and short 12

Working memory Book Vacuum Experiment Ship Justice ◮ Get out sheet of paper Hearer ◮ I’ll list 10 words Cloud ◮ After 30 seconds, I’ll cue you to start writing down as Purple many of them as you can. Mankind ◮ Try to be aware of what’s happening in your mind as you Hollow do the task ... Thrill Jesse A. Harris: LCS 11: Cognitive Science, Memory - long and short 13 Jesse A. Harris: LCS 11: Cognitive Science, Memory - long and short 14 Start writing! Wait Jesse A. Harris: LCS 11: Cognitive Science, Memory - long and short 15 Jesse A. Harris: LCS 11: Cognitive Science, Memory - long and short 16

Working memory Working memory ◮ How many did you remember? Between 5 and 9? Recency e ff ect ◮ What was happening as you tried to maintain the words First few items probably next to be recalled. Why? First items in memory? repeated more in memory, may have improved encoding . ◮ Did you try to repeat them? Primacy e ff ect Book ... Vacuum ...Book ...Vacuum Last few items probably were fi rst to be recalled. Why? Items ◮ How did that work once you saw more words? most recently held in sensory memory Book ...Vacuum ...Ship ...Justice ...Hearer ...Cloud Jesse A. Harris: LCS 11: Cognitive Science, Memory - long and short 17 Jesse A. Harris: LCS 11: Cognitive Science, Memory - long and short 18 Recency e ff ects Capacity Digit span: I’ll display a row of numbers. Read the numbers, and then when they disappear, right them down in the correct order. 2 1 4 9 3 9 6 7 8 6 4 9 7 8 4 7 3 8 2 0 1 5 8 4 2 6 4 1 3 2 4 8 2 3 9 2 8 0 7 5 8 5 2 9 8 4 6 3 7 Jesse A. Harris: LCS 11: Cognitive Science, Memory - long and short 19 Jesse A. Harris: LCS 11: Cognitive Science, Memory - long and short 20

Capacity Chunking Memory encoding Capacity Ericsson et al (1980) found that, with over 230 hours of training over 20 months, a Information in STM is very limited: college student was able to steadily 7 ± 2 units of information (Miller, increase his digit span from 7 to almost 80 1956) digits. Units of information ◮ Mnemonic associations – 3492 Number is not absolute; capacity for encoded as “3 minutes and 49 point 2 storage modulated by how seconds, near world-record mile time” information is packaged ...chunks and 893 as “89 point 3, very old man” George Miller 1920-2012 Jesse A. Harris: LCS 11: Cognitive Science, Memory - long and short 21 Jesse A. Harris: LCS 11: Cognitive Science, Memory - long and short 22 Chunking Working memory ◮ Alan Baddeley and colleagues Question developed a discrete model of WM Did the student improve his WM capacity ◮ Also explores the mechanisms through practice? involved in transferring information between WM and LTM. E ffi cient retrieval structures ◮ Called “working memory” because E ffi cient grouping of digits into (limited) information can be supergroups, thereby compressing maintained for long periods of time information into information chunks . via rehearsal. Alan Baddeley Jesse A. Harris: LCS 11: Cognitive Science, Memory - long and short 23 Jesse A. Harris: LCS 11: Cognitive Science, Memory - long and short 24

Working memory Working memory 4 components 1. Central executive: independent of sensory modality; allocates resources, like attention. 2. Phonological loop: short-term memory held in speech form 3. Visuo-spatial sketchpad: short-term information specialized for spatial and visual coding 4. Episodic bu ff er: temporary storage used for integration of other units Jesse A. Harris: LCS 11: Cognitive Science, Memory - long and short 25 Jesse A. Harris: LCS 11: Cognitive Science, Memory - long and short 26 Working memory Working memory Robbins et al (1996): tested effects of Dual task logic: Can you walk and chew gum at the same secondary tasks on the ability of time? stronger and weaker chess players to select continuation moves in a chess 1. Tasks that use same components of the WM system will game interfere with one another 1. Repetitive tapping (control) 2. Tasks that do not use same components should not 2. Random number generation (CE) interfere with one another 3. Clockwise keypad pressing (VSS) 4. Repetition of “see saw” (PL) Jesse A. Harris: LCS 11: Cognitive Science, Memory - long and short 27 Jesse A. Harris: LCS 11: Cognitive Science, Memory - long and short 28

Working memory Phonological loop ◮ Two components of phonological loop: 1. Phonological store: limited capacity, holding information for only a few seconds 2. Articulatory rehearsal process: mechanism that refreshes information to keep it from decaying Jesse A. Harris: LCS 11: Cognitive Science, Memory - long and short 29 Jesse A. Harris: LCS 11: Cognitive Science, Memory - long and short 30 Phonological loop Phonological loop Phonological similarity effect Read the following words. Start writing them down after I ◮ Visually presented words were recalled in order remove them ◮ Recall was about 25% worse when words in list were ◮ beast, bronze, wife, golf, inn, limp, dirt, star phonologically similar: 1. FEE, HE, KNEE, . . . 2. BAY, HOE, ODD, . . . Jesse A. Harris: LCS 11: Cognitive Science, Memory - long and short 31 Jesse A. Harris: LCS 11: Cognitive Science, Memory - long and short 32