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L ife Cyc le Asse ssme nt of De c onstruc ta ble F loor Syste ms Re se a rc h T e a m: Simpso n Gumpe rtz & He g e rInc . Cla yto n Bro wn Ma rk D. We b ste r No rthe a ste rn Unive rsity Pro fe sso r Je ro me F .

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SLIDE 1

www.sgh.com

L ife Cyc le Asse ssme nt of De c onstruc ta ble F loor Syste ms

Re se a rc h T e a m: Simpso n Gumpe rtz & He g e rInc .

  • Cla yto n Bro wn
  • Ma rk D. We b ste r

No rthe a ste rn Unive rsity

  • Pro fe sso r Je ro me F

. Ha jja r

  • Pro fe sso r Ma tthe w E

c ke lma n

  • L

izho ng Wa ng Wo rk suppo rte d b y: Na tio na l Sc ie nc e F

  • unda tio n

Ame ric a n Institute o f Ste e l Co nstruc tio n Ha lfe n L inda pte r Re info rc e d Co nc re te Co nstruc tio n Co mmitte e Ca po ne Iro n

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SLIDE 2

What is Design for Deconstruction (DfD)?

  • Deconstruction is the process of careful demolition of a

structure with the intent to salvage and reuse as much of the structure as possible.

  • Design for Deconstruction is a design approach that

anticipates and facilitates future deconstruction of the structure.

  • i.e. – use bolted connections instead of welded

connections

April 24, 2015 Session BT99: Reduction of Carbon Emissions from Building Structures 2

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SLIDE 3

Why promote DfD?

  • Reduce costs and environmental impacts associated

with:

– Production – Disposal – Structural adaptation

  • Reduce material waste
  • Reuse is superior to recycling and down-cycling

April 24, 2015 Session BT99: Reduction of Carbon Emissions from Building Structures 3

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SLIDE 4

Deconstructable Composite Planks

April 24, 2015 Session BT99: Reduction of Carbon Emissions from Building Structures 4

Precast concrete plank Cast-in channels

Steel beam

Clamps Tongue and groove side joint Bolts

Exploded View

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SLIDE 5

Deconstructable Composite Planks

April 24, 2015 Session BT99: Reduction of Carbon Emissions from Building Structures 5

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Deconstructable Composite Planks

  • Staggered layout of planks
  • Provides enhanced

localized stability of the floor system

  • Allows load transfer

between adjacent planks, allowing them to act as a continuous beam

  • End-to-end connections

located at inflection points to reduce load transfer between planks

  • Longitudinal rebar

designed using twice the moment and shear

  • btained from continuous

beam analysis

April 24, 2015 Session BT99: Reduction of Carbon Emissions from Building Structures 6

30' 30' 30' 30' 30' 30' 10' 10' 10' 10' 10' 10' 10' 10' 10'

Typical floor plan employing DfD planks

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SLIDE 7

Archetype Buildings

  • Three or nine stories
  • 3x3-20 or 30 foot bays
  • 6” or 8” floors
  • Steel columns and

beams

  • Braced frame lateral

system

  • Two designs:

– Conventional composite construction – Deconstructable planks

April 24, 2015 Session BT99: Reduction of Carbon Emissions from Building Structures 7

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SLIDE 8

What is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)?

  • “A technique to assess the environmental aspects and

potential impacts associated with a product, process, or service” –US EPA

  • ISO Standards

– ISO 14040:2006 and 14044:2006

  • Compile life cycle inventories (LCI) of:

– Energy inputs – Material inputs – Environmental outputs

  • Evaluate the potential environmental impacts associated with

the LCIs

– Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) – Variety of LCIA methods in different regions – EPA’s Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and

  • ther environmental Impacts (TRACI 2.1)

April 24, 2015 Session BT99: Reduction of Carbon Emissions from Building Structures 8

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SLIDE 9

LCA of DfD Planks vs. Conventional Floor

  • Used SimaPro 8.0.2, LCA software developed by PRé

Consultants – Netherlands

– Transparent tool – User control

  • LCI databases:

– U.S. Ecoinvent 2.2 – European Life-Cycle databases

  • LCIA: EPA’s TRACI 2.1

April 24, 2015 Session BT99: Reduction of Carbon Emissions from Building Structures 9 DfD Plank Conventional Floor

Image from nexus.globalquakemodel.org

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SLIDE 10

LCA of DfD Planks vs. Conventional Floor

  • Material inventory
  • Material transportation
  • Labor force transportation during construction and

deconstruction phase

  • End of life impacts
  • Uncertainties applied to most inputs

– Steel and concrete plant locations – Storage locations – Distance to clamp and channel suppliers – Recycling percentage of concrete

April 24, 2015 Session BT99: Reduction of Carbon Emissions from Building Structures 10

Distribution Type Required Data Graphical Presentation Range Min and max values Triangular Min and max values and best guess Normal Standard deviation and best guess Lognormal Standard deviation and best guess Distribution Types Supported by SimaPro

Table reproduced from SimaPro 8 Introduction to LCA, Pré Consultants 2014

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SLIDE 11

Assumptions of Study

  • Three levels of DfD component reuse

– 66%, 75%, or 80% reuse – i.e. two, three, or four reuses

  • In addition to the floor planks, steel components of the

DfD building are also reused

– Beams, columns, braces

  • There are no inherent impacts in the storage of

deconstructed components

– The impacts of transporting materials to and from storage is considered

  • All materials are transported by truck only
  • Proprietary clamps are modelled as cast iron

April 24, 2015 Session BT99: Reduction of Carbon Emissions from Building Structures 11

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SLIDE 12

Preliminary Results of LCA (Without Deconstruction)

April 24, 2015 Session BT99: Reduction of Carbon Emissions from Building Structures 12

  • Assume no deconstruction of the DfD building
  • Provides baseline comparison of global warming impacts
  • Life cycle impacts broken out by category
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SLIDE 13

Results of LCA

April 24, 2015 Session BT99: Reduction of Carbon Emissions from Building Structures 13

  • One scenario: assume 33% of the DfD structure is not

salvaged

– i.e. 66% of the DfD structure may be reused in a future structure – Or, on average, each DfD component may be reused twice

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SLIDE 14

Results of LCA

  • DfD structures may have different initial material needs

compared to traditional composite structure

– Higher environmental impact if not deconstructed and reused

  • Reusing DfD components twice (66% reuse) reduces

carbon emissions by 63%

  • Reusing DfD components three times (75% reuse)

reduces carbon emissions by 71%

  • Reusing DfD components four times (80% reuse)

reduces carbon emissions by 76%

April 24, 2015 Session BT99: Reduction of Carbon Emissions from Building Structures 14

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SLIDE 15

Conclusions

  • Even a moderate amount of reuse can provide

significant environmental benefits

  • Some projects are more suited for DfD

– Low- to mid-rise – Repetitive, simple construction – Short life span

April 24, 2015 Session BT99: Reduction of Carbon Emissions from Building Structures 15

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SLIDE 16

DfD and LCA in the Industry

  • LCA is becoming more widely used

– LEED – PCR – product category rules – EPD – environmental product declarations

  • NRMCA, AISC, Steel Framing Association, CRSI
  • The Canadian government, Scottish government, and

CIRIA (British construction and research educational association) have released valuable DfD guides

April 24, 2015 Session BT99: Reduction of Carbon Emissions from Building Structures 16

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SLIDE 17

Questions?

April 24, 2015 Session BT99: Reduction of Carbon Emissions from Building Structures 17