[PPT] - Ado ptio n o f g re e n fle e ts e c o no mic and e nviro nme ntal PowerPoint Presentation

SLIDE 1

Ado ptio n o f g re e n fle e ts –

e c o no mic and e nviro nme ntal life c yc le asse ssme nt o f e le c tric ve hic le s in Ne w E ng land.

NAT HAN PE ABODY DE PART ME NT OF NAT URAL RE SOURCE S AND T HE E NVI RONME NT JANUARY 17T

H, 2020

SLIDE 2

Ove ra rc hing Que stio ns

 Ho w muc h mo re e xpe nsive a re E

Vs tha n tra ditio na l fle e t ve hic le s?

 E

Vs hig h purc hasing pric e

 L

we r mainte nanc e , fue l c o sts

 Ho w do e missio ns fo r E

Vs c o mpa re ?

 T

ranspo rtatio n se c to r: 28% natio nal CO2e e missio ns

 All Ne w E

ng land State s o ve r 28% (36% RI to 53% ME , 42% NH)

 62% to tal e missio ns fro m lig ht duty ve hic le s

 Ve hic le s c o nside re d in a fle e t se tting

 L

arg e po te ntial CO2e re duc tio ns fo r b usine sse s, munic ipalitie s, and Go v. ag e nc ie s

 Ac c o unting fo r Ne w E

ng land c limate , e ne rg y g rid, driving c o nditio ns

SLIDE 3

E c o no mic L ife Cyc le Co sts Ana lysis

 L

CCA = I nve stme nt + PV (ma inte na nc e ) + PV (e ne rg y) + PV (dispo sa l) – PV (sa lva g e )

Ana lysis Re quire me nt Da ta

Inve stme nt Cost

Ve hic le purc ha se pric e (MSRP)

Mainte nanc e Cost

Re pa ir, o pe ra tio ns, a nd ma inte na nc e c o sts fo r ve hic le s a nd infra struc ture (e x. o il c ha ng e , tire s, b ra ke , b a tte ry re pla c e me nt, e tc .)

E ne r gy Cost

T

ta l c o st o f e ne rg y input

(c o st pe r c ha rg e , c o st pe r g a llo n)

Disposal/ Salvage

Pro je c te d re sa le va lue a t e nd o f ve hic le s life c yc le (K BB 5 ye a r re sa le va lue , 5% a nnua l de c re a se the re a fte r)

*All final c o sts disc o unte d to the pre se nt value (PV) using 3% disc o unt rate

SLIDE 4

E nviro nme nta l L ife Cyc le Ana lysis

 Sc o pe : GHG e missio ns inve nto ry  Output

 Gre e nho use g a se s, Re g ula te d E

missio ns, a nd E ne rg y use in T ra nspo rta tio n Mo de l (GRE E T ) fro m the Arg o nne Na tio na l L a b o ra to ry

 Ve hic le Cyc le : Ma te ria l e xtra c tio n, ve hic le pro duc tio n, o pe ra tio n, a nd

dispo sa l

 F

ue l Cyc le : Upstre a m e missio ns re la ting to e xtra c tio n, pro c e ssing , tra nspo rt o f fue l, a nd E V “e xte nde d ta ilpipe ” e missio ns fro m e le c tric a l g e ne ra tio n

 Re g io na l inputs

 Ve hic le fue l e ffic ie nc y  I

SO-NE g rid inputs

SLIDE 5

E xpe rime nta l De sig n



F

ur te c hno lo g ie s:



T ra ditio na l fle e t ve hic le s: I nte rna l Co mb ustio n (I CV), Hyb rid (HE V)



E le c tric fle e t ve hic le s: Plug in Hyb rid (PHE V), Ba tte r E le c tric (BE V)



Ve hic le Ma ke / Mo de ls

 ICV: F

rd F
c us (2018)

 HE

V: T

yo ta Prius (2019)

 PHE

V: T

yo ta Prius Prime (2019)

 BE

V: Nissa n L e a f (2019)

 BE

V: Nissa n L e a f Plus (2019)



Da ta So urc e s

 Sta te o f Ne w Ha mpshire (NHDE

S/ NHDAS)

 Unive rsity o f Ne w Ha mpshire  Pe e r re vie we d lite ra ture (93% BE

V/ PHE V fue l e ffic ie nc y a ssumptio n (T a g g a rt, 2018))

 K

e lly Blue Bo o k

NHDE S F le e t Ave ra g e Mile s Pe r Ye a r Ye a rs o f Ope ra tio n T

ta l L

ife time Mile s

8954 11.6 103866.4

*F inal re sults b ase d o n NHDE S fle e t

SLIDE 6

Re sults: E c o no mic

Pr

je c te d L

ife Cyc le Costs

Ve hic le Purc hasing Pric e F ue l Mainte nanc e Salvage T

tal

F

rd F
c us

$17,950.00 $7,040.80 $9,170.30 $3,884.60

$30,276.49

T

yo ta Prius $23,770.00

$4,782.66 $6,113.53 $5,821.76

$28,844.43

T

yo ta Prius

Prime $28,300.00 $5,606.13 $6,113.53 $6,931.25

$33,088.41

Nissa n L e a f $29,999.00 $4,254.78 $4,075.69 $4,319.05

$34,010.42

Nissa n L e a f Plus $36,555.00 $4,377.16 $4,075.69 $5,264.52

$39,743.32

 HE

V lo we st pro je c te d life c yc le c o sts

 -$1,432.06 c o mpa re d to I

CV



BE Vs mo re c o mpe titive tha n purc ha sing pric e indic a te s

 sub sta ntia l fue l/ ma inte na nc e re duc tio n

c o mpa re d to I CV

 T

ta l c o sts still +$3,733.93

 L

e a f Plus no t c o st c o mpe titive

 E

ffe c tive Pric e (Purc ha se – Sa lva g e ) mo st influe ntia l o n to ta l c o st

 I

CV: $14,065.40

 L

e a f: $25,679.95

SLIDE 7

 E

ffe c tive Pric e

 Hig h fo r BE

Vs --> L a rg e purc ha sing pric e / c o mpa ra tive ly lo w re sa le va lue

 I

f 44% 5 ye a r re sa le va lue a ssume d

 Nissa n L

e a f to ta l c o sts c o mpa re d to I CV dro ps 58%

 +$3,733.93 to +$1,562.77

 F

e de ra l inc e ntive s

 F

ull ($7,500) --> L e a f lo we st to ta l c o sts in a na lysis

 Ha lf ($3,750) --> L

e a f lo we r to ta l c o st tha n I CV

 BE

V F ue l Co sts

 F

ull E PA fue l e ffic ie nc y: o nly $297.83 c o st re duc tio n

 Ze ro e le c tric : -520.86 c o mpa re d to I

CV

Re sale Value

Ve hic le F ive ye a r r e sa le va lue (% )

F

rd F
c us

44% T

yo ta Prius

50% Prius Prime 50% Nissa n L e a f 29% L e a f Plus 29%

SLIDE 8

Re sults: E nviro nme nta l

 F

unc tio n Unit: 1 mile drive n

 L

a rg e po rtio n o f I CV a nd HE V e missio ns c o me s fro m o pe ra tio ns

 BE

V e missio ns g re a tly impa c te d b y b o th e le c tric a l e ne rg y inputs (50% L e a f) a nd b a tte ry pro duc tio n (25% L e a f)

 Nissa n L

e a f 46% GHG e missio ns re duc tio n c o mpa re d to F

rd F
c us

 Po te ntia l L

e a f fle e t re duc tio ns: 650.5 me tric to ns CO2e

SLIDE 9

 Grid I

nputs - Re pre se nta tive o f re g io na l diffe re nc e s:

 I

SO-NE na tura l g a s/ nuc le a r he a vy

 Co a l/ o il he a vy g rids ma y no t

pro vide GHG re duc tio ns

 As g rid b e c o me s le ss c a rb o n

inte nsive , BE V impa c ts will b e re duc e d

 Pa iring BE

V with re ne wa b le e ne rg y le a ds to la rg e st e missio ns re duc tio n

 T

he lo ng e r a BE V a re o n the ro a d – the g re a te r the c a rb o n re duc tio n c o mpa re d to a n I CV (e mb e dde d c a rb o n fro m b a tte ry pro duc tio n)

SLIDE 10

T a ke a wa ys

F inal Re sults

Vehicle Total Cost Cost Per Mile Lifetime Tons CO2e kg CO2e Per Mile Ford Focus $30,276.49 $0.29 39.47 0.38 Toyota Prius $28,844.43 $0.28 27.01 0.26 Toyota Prius Prime $33,088.41 $0.32 25.01 0.24 Nissan Leaf $33,712.58 $0.32 21.26 0.20 Nissan Leaf Plus $39,436.92 $0.38 24.33 0.23



BE Vs mo re c o st c o mpe titive tha n purc ha sing pric e indic a te s



No ve hic le ha s “ze ro e missio ns”  T ho ug h BE Vs in Ne w E ng la nd c a n c ut e missio ns b y 46%



HE Vs ha ve lo we st to ta l c o sts a nd c a n re duc e e missio ns b y 22% c o mpa re d to I CVs

SLIDE 11

Additio na l Co nside ra tio ns



E VSE inve stme nt de pe nde nt o n



Ba tte ry size



Driving ra ng e



F le e t c e ntra liza tio n



Ve hic le Re lia b ility



BE V ra ng e se nsitive to ve ry ho t/ c o ld te mpe ra ture s

 0 ℉: Ra ng e ma y dro p up to 36%  105 ℉: Ra ng e ma y dro p up to 29%



L

ng ra ng e fle e t must b e d yna mic , c o nsisting
f a va rie ty o f ve hic le type s a nd E

VSE le ve ls



Sho rt ra ng e fle e ts c a n inve st in sma ll b a tte ry BE Vs a nd L e ve l I E VSE to re d uc e to ta l c o sts

Electric Vehicle Service Equipment (EVSE)

EVSE Level Cost1 Leaf 80% Charge Time Leaf Plus 80% Charge Time Level I1 $500-$850 30+ hours 50+ hours Level II2 $3,000 8 hours 11.5 hours D.C Fast Charging2 $30,000+ 40 minutes 60 minutes

1. Costs and Level I charge times from (Howell, et al. 2017)
2. Level II and D.C. Fast Charging data from Nissanusa.com

SLIDE 12

Que stio ns?

 E

ma il Na tha n Pe a b o dy a t na p2000@ wildc a ts.unh.e du; with

 F

urthe r q ue stio ns

 Cita tio ns  F

r c o mple te d the sis re po rt (Spring 2020)