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Two huge industries are transforming….
Battery Industry
Hybridizing Renewable Energy and The Grid: Research Hybridizing - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Hybridizing Renewable Energy and The Grid: Research Hybridizing - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Hybridizing Renewable Energy and The Grid: Research Hybridizing Renewable Energy and The Grid: Research and Technology Needs in Massive Energy Storage and Technology Needs in Massive Energy Storage Yet-Ming Chiang Department of Materials
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Consider That Vehicles Have Multiple Levels of Electrification
ICE HEV PHEV BEV
engine battery
3
Toyota Prius Honda Insight Ford Escape A123/Hymotion conversion GM Volt Chrysler 200C Tesla Roadster Chrysler Circuit Fisker Karma TH!NK City
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Ratio of Power(kW) to Stored Energy(kWh) Varies from ~100 (HEV) to ~1 (BEV)*
HEV PHEV EV Charge- depleting Charge- sustaining
*Comparison: The Design P/E is ~0.25 for Wind, Solar
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Similarly, the Grid will be Hybridized
Where storage can help
Wind and Solar are Intermittent Sources (not “dispatchable”)
US: 3% renewables
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Frequency Regulation Example (GE)
Frequency Regulation: Frequent charge and discharge pulses, but net energy transferred is zero. Analogous to a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)… Load following is longer‐term analog to regulation: vary generation to meet hour‐to‐hour variations in load
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Impact of Storage Time Constant: Wind+Battery Example (NEDO)
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Comparing Time Constant and Total Power for Automotive and Grid
8
EV P H E V
HEV
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Recent example: Impact of DOE Basic Science
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Recent Advances in Li-Ion Batteries for Transportation
“Extreme” pack engineering using commodity laptop cells, individually cooled and monitored
Example: Tesla Roadster
Derivatives of oxide chemistry from previous generation Li-ion (aim to improve safety, life)
Examples:
- Lithium Nickel Cobalt
Aluminum (SAFT, PEVE)
- Lithium Manganese Spinel
(LG, NEC, Hitachi)
- Lithium Manganese Nickel
Cobalt (Sanyo)
- Mixtures of various oxides
New chemistries that are intrinsically safer, high power, long-life, low-cost
Example: Nanoscale Olivines Engineering solution New Chemistry Improve 1st Gen Chemistry
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Electric
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Formula 1 Racing: Pushing the Outer Performance Envelope of Hybrid Electric Drive
- 2009: McLaren-Mercedes
teams with A123 Systems to develop KERS (Kinetic Energy Recovery Systems)
- Opening race of 2009 season
in Melbourne, AUS
- Lewis Hamilton, 2008 World
Champion, starts in 18th position (out of 20) and finishes 4th
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Kinetic Energy Recovery System (KERS) in Action
Battery State-of-Charge
Mercedes High Performance Engines
Melbourne March 2009
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Frequency Regulation with the World’s largest Li-Ion Battery
- 2 MW power, 90% round-trip efficiency
- 0.5 MWh stored energy
- 82,000 cylindrical cells
- 1.2 tonnes cathode material
- 2.3 x 1017 nanoparticles (40 nm dia.)
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Why science breakthroughs still needed for automotive……
15 kWh for 40 mile PHEV 75 kWh for 200 mile BEV Range (miles) x 300 Wh/mile 0.8 (20% reserve capacity)
= =
÷
110 Wh/kg 136 kg for 40 mile PHEV 681 kg for 200 mile BEV
= =
÷
220 Wh/L 68 L for 40 mile PHEV 341 L for 200 mile BEV
= = x
US$0.50/Wh US$7500 for 40 mile PHEV US$37,500 for 200 mile BEV
= =
Energy Mass Volume Cost
Not to mention that charging a 75 kWh pack in 1h takes 75 kW; in 5 min takes 900 kW….. Typical of current Li-ion Target cost
(too heavy!) (too big!) (too expensive!)
~Similar cost to Na-S
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Massive Energy Storage Is Even More Demanding in Terms of Scalability, Cost, Safety, Life
A123 Multi- MW Li- Ion Battery System E V PHEV H E V
Main MES Options:
- Pumped Hydro
- Compressed Air
- Sodum-sulfur
- Redox flow
- Lithium-ion
Why Electrochemical Storage:
- Higher energy density
than all but nuclear
- Use it anywhere
- Can be safe, long-life
- Can use low-cost, earth-
abundant materials Challenge: No current system combines all of these attributes in the same battery
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Interdependence in the Energy Ecosystem
Grid-scale energy storage PHEV, E-REV, EV
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