Introduction to design science methodology Roel Wieringa Slides based on Wieringa, R.J. (2014) Design science methodology for information systems and software engineering. Springer Verlag 30th May 2019 RCIS Brussels 1
Outline • Design problems and knowledge questions • The design cycle • The empirical cycle 30th May 2019 RCIS Brussels 2
Design science • Design science is the design and investigation of artifacts in context • Examples – Design and investigation of a method for user interface design for genomic databases – Design and investigation of an ontology‐based extension of OO‐method – Design and investigation of deep learning system to classify pathologies in X‐rays of the lower back – …. 30th May 2019 RCIS Brussels 3
DESIGN PROBLEMS AND KNOWLEDGE QUESTIONS 30th May 2019 RCIS Brussels 4
Your examples 30th May 2019 RCIS Brussels 5
Two kinds of research problems in design science DESIGN INVESTIGATION Problems & Artifacts To answer knowledge To design an artifact to investigate questions about the artifact in to improve a context problem context Knowledge, New design problems • Design software to estimate Direction Is the DoA estimation accurate of Arrival of plane waves, to be used enough in this context? • in satelite TV receivers in cars Is it fast enough? • Is this routing algorithm deadlock‐ Design a Multi‐Agent Route Planning system to be used for aircraft taxi free on airports? • How much delay does it produce? route planning • Is the method usable and useful for Design a data location regulation auditing method consultants? Change the real world Change your knowledge 30th May 2019 RCIS Brussels 6
Heuristics Knowledge questions Design problems √ To change your knowledge √ To change the world √ Answer is a proposition √ Solution is design √ One answer √ Many solutions √ Evaluated by truth √ Evaluated by usefulness √ What is true depends on the real √ What is useful depends on world stakeholder goals √ Degrees of certainty √ Degrees of utility Doing Thinking 30th May 2019 RCIS Brussels 7
Nesting of problems • To solve a design problem: – Study the problem – Test the proposed solution • To answer a knowledge question: – Design your research 30th May 2019 RCIS Brussels 8
Your examples revisited 30th May 2019 RCIS Brussels 9
Framework for design science Stakeholders may not know they are stakeholders • • Source of relevance. Social context: • Relevance, and money, comes and goes Location of stakeholders: E.g. project sponsors, manufacturers, customers, users, maintenance, interfacing systems, negative stakeholders, attackers, government, labor, ... Goals, budgets Designs Design science Improvement design Answering knowledge questions • Source and destination of theories Knowledge context: • Theories are forever Mathematics, social science, natural science, design science, design specifications, useful facts, practical knowledge, common sense, other beliefs 30th May 2019 RCIS Brussels 10
Stakeholders • A stakeholder of a problem is a biological or legal person affected by treating a problem. – People, organizations, job roles, contractual roles, etc. • Stakeholders may not know that they are stakeholders – They may accept the problem as normal – There may not be a problem at all … but you think/hope that there is an improvement opportunity 30th May 2019 RCIS Brussels 11
Checklist by role (Ian Alexander http://www.scenarioplus.org.uk/papers/papers.htm > A taxonomy of stakeholders) • System under Development Negative stakeholder (who is/perceives to be hurt by the • Normal operator (end user) product) • Operational support • Threat agent (who wants to hurt • Maintenance operator the product) Immediate context • Regulator • Functional beneficiary (client) Involved in development • Roles responsible for interfacing • Champion/Sponsor systems • Developer Wider context • Consultant • Political beneficiary (who gains • Purchaser (customer) status) • Suppliers of components • Financial beneficiary These are just examples 30th May 2019 RCIS Brussels 12
Examples • Design and investigation of a method for user interface design for genomic databases – Stakeholders: ……. • Design and investigation of an ontology‐based extension of OO‐method – Stakeholders: ….. • Design and investigation of deep learning system to classify pathologies in X‐rays of the lower back – Stakeholders: ….. 30th May 2019 RCIS Brussels 13
More examples 30th May 2019 RCIS Brussels 14
THE DESIGN CYCLE 30th May 2019 RCIS Brussels 15
The engineering cycle Stakeholders, goals, • Problem investigation phenomena, evaluation, • Treatment design diagnosis • Design validation • Treatment implementation • Implementation evaluation 30th May 2019 RCIS Brussels 16
The engineering cycle • Problem investigation Treatment = • Treatment design interaction between artifact and context • Design validation • Treatment implementation • Implementation evaluation • Interaction between pill and patient • Interaction between Software and its Context • Interaction between method and its context of use • You design the artifact in order to create a treatment 30th May 2019 RCIS Brussels 17
The engineering cycle Artifact & Context → Effects? • Problem investigation Effects satisfy Criteria? • Treatment design Trade-off: Changes in artifact • Design validation Sensitivity: Changes in context • Treatment implementation • Implementation evaluation 30th May 2019 RCIS Brussels 18
The engineering cycle • Problem investigation • Treatment design • Design validation Transfer to practice! • Treatment implementation Commercialization, sale • Implementation evaluation 30th May 2019 RCIS Brussels 19
The engineering cycle • Problem investigation • Treatment design • Design validation • Treatment implementation • Implementation evaluation Phenomena: Artifact & Context → Effects? Evaluation: Effects satisfy Criteria? 30th May 2019 RCIS Brussels 20
Legend: ? Knowledge questions Where are we ! Tasks Implementation evaluation = Treatment Problem investigation Implementation (transfer to the real • Stakeholders? Goals? world) • Phenomena? Causes? Effects? • Effects contribute to Goals? Engineering cycle Treatment design Treatment validation • Context & Artifact → Effects? • Specify requirements! • Effects satisfy Requirements? • Contribution to goals? • Trade‐offs for different artifacts? • Available treatments? • Sensitivity for different Contexts? • Design new ones! 30th May 2019 RCIS Brussels 21
Legend: ? Knowledge questions Where are we ! Tasks Implementation evaluation = Treatment Problem investigation Implementation (transfer to the real • Stakeholders? Goals? world) • Phenomena? Causes? Effects? • Effects contribute to Goals? Design cycle Treatment design Treatment validation • Context & Artifact → Effects? • Specify requirements! • Effects satisfy Requirements? • Contribution to goals? • Trade‐offs for different artifacts? • Available treatments? • Sensitivity for different Contexts? • Design new ones! 30th May 2019 RCIS Brussels 22
Knowledge questions that need empirical study Treatment Implementation Implementation evaluation = (transfer to the real Problem investigation world) • Stakeholders? Goals? Design • Phenomena? Causes? Effects? • Effects contribute to Goals? cycle Treatment validation Treatment design • Context & Artifact → Effects? • Specify requirements! • Effects satisfy Requirements? • Contribution to goals? • Trade‐offs for different artifacts? • Available treatments? • Sensitivity for different Contexts? • Design new ones! 30th May 2019 RCIS Brussels 23
Outline of a thesis Implementation evaluation = Problem investigation • Stakeholders? Goals? Design • Phenomena? Causes? Effects? • Effects contribute to Goals? cycle Treatment validation Treatment design • Context & Artifact → Effects? • Specify requirements! • Effects satisfy Requirements? • Contribution to goals? • Trade‐offs for different artifacts? • Available treatments? • Sensitivity for different Contexts? • Design new ones! 30th May 2019 RCIS Brussels 24
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