Innovation in Construction 3dExperience Forum 2012 Martin Simpson - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Innovation in Construction

3dExperience Forum 2012

Martin Simpson

Martin Simpson

Associate Director Arup Professor of Innovation University of Salford

Why do things differently?

Global Consumption of Resources

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If the world continues using its natural resources at the current rates we will be getting through 140 billion tonnes of minerals, ores, fossil fuels and biomass by 2050

World set to treble consumption by 2050.

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The 160 million buildings in the EU use 40% of Europe’s energy and create 40% of it’s carbon dioxide.

London by night

“Rethinking Construction” by Sir John Egan - 1998.

• 30% of construction is rework
• 40% of the manpower used on construction sites can be

wasted

• At least 10% materials are wasted
• Over 40% of projects are completed late or over budget.

Waste in the Construction Industry

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Duplication of Work

The cost of inadequate interoperability in the U.S. capital facilities industry estimated at:

$15.8 billion per year

Cost Time

Feasibility Concept Design Detailed Design Construction

To cost of post construction change is many times the cost of change during design

Post Construction

This must be avoided Egan stated that up to 30% of construction is rework This is the ideal place for change to occur, ie where it is cheap!

How Cost Changes with Time

Ability to influence change Time

Feasibility Concept Design Detailed Design Construction Post Construction

How the ability to influence change varies with time

Macleamy’s

The Stages of a project

• Feasibility

Feasibility

The Project Life-Cycle

The Stages of a project

• Feasibility
• Pre-construction

Feasibility Design Tender Pre-construction

The Project Life-Cycle

The Stages of a project

• Feasibility
• Pre-construction
• Construction

Feasibility Construction

The Project Life-Cycle

Design Tender Pre-construction

The Stages of a project

• Feasibility
• Pre-construction
• Construction
• Operation

Operation

The Project Life-Cycle

Feasibility Construction Design Tender Pre-construction

The Stages of a project

• Feasibility
• Pre-construction
• Construction
• Operation
• Decommission

Decommission

The Project Life-Cycle

Operation Feasibility Construction Design Tender Pre-construction

Façade Design Quantities Extraction

Fractured Processes within the Construction Industry

Ability to influence change Time

Feasibility Concept Design Detailed Design Construction Post Construction

MacLeamy’s Curves showing commitment of resource to design (including final fabrication design)

Handover As Built Construction Design

Current Practice

Concept

E x a m p l e ,

Information Flow across the Project Life-Cycle

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Data, Information & Knowledge

Date atrophy during project lifecycle due to:

• Information exchange via 2D drawings/Sketches/Reports/Conversations...
• Upfront simulation is limited and for some disciplines simulation is not accurate
• We start the final production phase commence before design is complete.
• Often without production of prototypes (Most buildings are unique!)

Ability to influence change Time

Feasibility Concept Design Concurrent Design & Fabrication Design Assembly Operation

MacLeamy’s Curve

What is BIM?

“A coordinated digital dataset that contains appropriate computable information necessary to design, build, operate and ultimately decommission a project”

* Sharing Structured Information Defining BIM

Information Communication Technology Project Information Management

Building Information Model (Management)

Project Team members need coordinated up to date information to be able to do modelling & calculations Project Team members need carry out tasks in such a way that they are easily coordinated, recorded and verified Project Team members need to be able to exchange and stored project data quickly and with confidence

Geometrical & Technical Simulations (Virtual Prototype)

BIM

BIM is.... ...Sharing Structured Information

In fact…

• BIM is not confined to Buildings. It is a tool for the built

environment and equally applicable to any asset. (Perhaps Asset is more appropriate than Building!)

• Model does not mean 3D model. Think Financial Model or

Scientific Model. It reflects the way something behaves rather than limited to physical existence.

• Information is key.

...Perhaps Asset Information Management is more appropriate!

BIM = Total Architecture

“The term ‘Total Architecture’ implies that all relevant design decisions have been considered together and have been integrated into a whole by a well organised team empowered to fix priorities” Sir Ove Arup – The Key Speech - 1970 “This is an ideal which can never – or only very rarely – be fully realised in practise, but which is well worth, for striving for artistic wholeness or excellence depends on it, and for our own sake we need the stimulation produced by excellence” “This is an ideal which can never – or only very rarely – be fully realised in practise, but which is well worth

Geometry

"Let no man ignorant of geometry enter here."

Inscribed over the entrance to Plato’s academy in ancient Greece.

China Comic and Animation Museum (CCAM) Architect: MVRDV

CCAM - Bubbles

Collection Interaction Theatre Library Education Lobby

CCAM Bubbles

CCAM Evolution to final concept

Arches between Theatre and Interactive Bubbles

CCAM – Complex Interactions between bubbles

Leg Outline Adjacent Bubble Intersection Boundary Lines

Main Intermediate

CCAM – Complex Interactions between bubbles

This is where it gets interesting

Main Intermediate Theatre Main Intermediate Interactive The intersections don’t line up!

Main Intermediate Theatre We need to use the points from the Theatre Bubble to define the lines for the Intersection so that the arches will line up Points of Intersection

CCAM – Complex Interactions between bubbles

CCAM - This is where it gets interesting

Main Intermediate Theatre Main Intermediate Interactive (Below Occ) The intersections don’t line up! Main Intermediate Interactive (Above Occ)

CCAM – VBA Code

CCAM - Education: Vertical Frames

Vertical Frames correspond with floor levels

CCAM - Education: Horizontal Frames

Horizontal Frames at floor levels and share load between vertical frame

CCAM - Education Bubble Complete

CCAM - Complete Model

CCAM - Complete Model

Simulation

CCAM - Structural Analysis Model

Rationalisation

China Comic and Animation Museum - Process

Architectural Requirements 3D Parametric Model Structural Analysis Model Member Design Analysis 2D Drawing

Evolution of Optimisation

Structural Optimisation

Large Analytical Models Automated Design of Elements Spreadsheets Hard Code Optimisation

• Optimisation for Minimum Weight
• Optimisation for No of Elements

Roof space frame sizing optimization

Virtual Prototype

Virtual Prototype

Virtual Prototype

Virtual Prototype

Virtual Prototype

Virtual Prototype

OBJECTIVES

• Minimize steel weight

VARIABLES

• 1955 member size variables

(~20 size choices) CONSTRAINTS

• Strength (BS5950 2000)
• Deflection (SPAN / 360 for SLS)
• Architectural requirements

Universal Beam (UB) Section Rectangular Hollow Section (RHS) Circular Hollow Section (CHS)

Optimisation

Structural Optimisation

1414 1146 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

PRODUCT METRICS Conventional Design Optimized Design Design Method Design Cycle Time Total Design Cycles Total Time Conventional 4 hrs 39 9360 min Serial Opt (1 CPU) 6 min 8042 48250 min Parallel Opt (128 CPUs) 3 sec 8042 402 min Total Steel Weight (met tons)) 1146 1414 PROCESS METRICS

• 19%

(~$5M savings)

Optimisation

Structural Optimisation

Communication

Virtual Design Review

Virtual Design Review meetings

Sharing Information at the Human level

Fabrication

Renkioi Hospital, Dardanelles

• Commissioned February 1855
• Brunel played the roles of architect,

planner, structural engineer, mechanical, electrical and public health engineers and management contractor.

• Design Period: 6 days
• Fabricated & Shipping byMay
• First 300 patients on 11 August 1885
• 1000 beds by December
• By the end of March 1856 it could have

accommodated 2,200 patients.

• PreRenkioi, mortality rates were 42%.

Once Brunel's hospital was operational, deaths fell to 3.5%.

Crystal Palace – The Great Exhibition

• 563m long by 124m wide
• 400 tons of glass, and 4000 tons of iron,
• Floor area of 74,320 m2 with over 8 miles of tables
• Displaying over 100,000 objects

Crystal Palace - Design Team

Joseph Paxton Head Gardener at Chatsworth House Experience: Orangery & The Large Greenhouse

Crystal Palace - Design Team

William Cubitt Chairman of Building Committee of Great Exhibition and consulting engineer Charles Fox Specialist Contractor

Crystal Palace – The Great Exhibition

• First Plans in 9 days
• Built in 9 months
• With a workforce of 5000
• 84,000 m2 of Glass
• First major installation of public toilets

Empire State Building

102 Storeys / 381m / 257,100 m2 Architect William F Lamb (Shreve, Lamb and Harmon) Drawings produced in 2 weeks Contractor The Starrett Brothers and Eken Start on site 21 January 1930 Main construction 17 March 1930 Official opened on 1 May 1931 ( 1 year and 45 days) 340, 000 tons of steel, 6,500 windows, 64 lifts, 70 miles of pipework,

Empire State Building

Why do buildings take longer?

• Increasing complexity. Building systems are far more complex now.
• A modern building is unrecognisable from the Renkioi Hospitals

Design for Manufacture

• Offsite Manufacture

Design for Manufacture – 122 Leadenhall Street

Client: British Land/Oxford Propeties Architect: Rogers Stirk Habour + Partners Main Contractor: Laing O’Rouke Specialist Steelwork: Wastons

Telka is the default detailing package in the structural steel industry

Design for buildability

Design for buildability

Design for buildability

Working in close collaboration with specialist fabricator

Analysis, detailing, fabrication

Typical information provided to specialist fabricators

Analysis, detailing, fabrication

Tekla Drawing Model Rhino Transition Model Excel Load Input GSA Global Analysis D3 Plot Stress checks Excel/VB Weld checks ANSA Meshing Nastran Analysis

Steelwork Design for fabrication process

Modelling, Analysis, Design, Fabrication

TEKLA RHINO GSA Steelwork Design for fabrication process

Analysis, detailing, fabrication

Analysis, detailing, fabrication

Steelwork Design for fabrication process – weld thickness graphs

Analysis, detailing, fabrication

Steelwork Design for fabrication process – Fabrication Drawings

Analysis, detailing, fabrication

Steelwork Design for fabrication process – Fabrication Drawings

Analysis, detailing, fabrication

Steelwork Design for fabrication process – full size mock up

• Collaborative approach
• Grounded by engineering principles
• Design and production through BIM
• Reduced risk
• Faster programme
• Unique architecture

Leadenhall Building An exemplar project for design for manufacture

Conclusions

Asset Management Supply Chain Management 4D Modelling Engineering Optimisation Whole life costing Interior Design & Fit out Façade Design Quantities Extraction Building Information Modelling/ Management Building Services Architectural Design Clash detection & coordination Structural Design Adaptive Survey & Drawing Digital Fabrication Real time value Engineering Real-time progress reporting & RFI

Unified Approach to BIM(M)

Handover As Built Construction

Object included in handover data set with corresponding population of AIM . As - built changes incorporated & data set updated as necessary . Object data fields completed progressively . Schedules & takeoffs . Object carried into design development . 3 D view for spatial fit . Schedules & take -

• ffs

. Library object used in concept GA - simple plan view

Design

Whole Lifecycle Information Management

Current Practice

Concept

E x a m p l e ,

Information Flow across the Project Life-Cycle

?

Data, Information & Knowledge

The Future?

The Future?

The only constant in this world is change….

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We only have the earth