Electro Optical Instrumentation: Milestones and Trends Silvano - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

LEOS 30th Anniversary , March 14, 2008 1

Electro Optical Instrumentation: Milestones and Trends

Silvano Donati Silvano Donati

http://www.unipv.it/donati

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Electro-Optical Instrumentation starts to appear in the‘70, soon after the laser is developed. Big successes like telemeters, gyroscopes, laser interferometers, laser velocimeters, particle size analyzers - are just few examples of instruments that have marked milestones in the science of measurement and gained general acceptance in engineering applications.

ELECTRO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION

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Electro-optical instruments are products spreading from industry and manufacturing to scientific applications, from avionics and space to medicine and biology. Improvements and new concepts continue to boost R&D activity and promote the growth

• f a wealthy market of E-O instruments.

ELECTRO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION

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ELECTRO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION: scientific Journals reflect the growth

n° pagine / anno

2500 5000 7500 12 500 10 000 15 000

IEEE J.Quantum El.

IEE J. Optoelctr. JOSA.,A &B

IEEE J. Lightw Techn. IEEE PTL

Optics Lett. Appl Optics I,II,III J Opt. Q.El

IEEE J.STQE

17 500 20 000

Optics Express

IEEE J. Display

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

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ELECTRO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION:the market

World Market of Optical Fiber Communications (components and e systems): 44 000 M$ (1999) 10 000 (2002) 15 000 (2004) 21 000 (2007) 40 000 (2010 projection) World Market of Optoelectronics Instrumentation civil 3 400 M$ avionics 4 400 military 5 600 total 13 400 M$ (2007)

(annual growth +6% , Laser Focus estimate)

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MARKET of INDUSTRIAL ELECTRO- OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION

• INDUSTR. INSTRUMENTATION

LASER DOPPL. VELOCIMETERS and VIBROMETERS ALIGNMENT and CONSTRUCTION OTHERS TOTAL Year 2007, figures in M$, (..)=% increase per year, year since inception. References: OIDA and LaserFocus

3420

830 95 720 620

(+5%) (+5%)

1975

385

(+7%) (+5%)

LASER INTERFEROMETERS

1968

(+10%)

1970 1970

(excluding Avionics and EW apparatus) PROFILOMETERS, 3-D and ESPI

180 410 (+5%)

(+5%)

1970 1974

PARTICLE SIZE MEAS. FIBEROPTIC SENSORS

180

(+1%)

1982

TELEMETERS & GEODIMETERS

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ELECTRO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION:

a bit of history through the milestones

• laser

laser telemetry telemetry The album of successes:

• interferometry
• gyroscopes
• velocimetry

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TELEMET TELEMETR RY Y

Telemetry started with LURE (LUnar Ranging Experiment), an experiment carried out in 1970 when the astronauts of Apollo 11 brought on the moon an array of corner-cubes (100 x 1” dia.). Five telescopes on earth aimed the array with their Q- switched ruby laser, launching a 0.5-J, 10-ns pulse. Three telescopes got the return, a ≈10-photon pulse. The time-of- flight measurement translated into a distance measured with an accuracy ≈30cm of the 384,000 km baseline.

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TELEMETRY TELEMETRY

In 1999, the MOLA (Mars-Orbiter -Altimeter) of the Pathfinder mis- sion has completed a 2-year survey of the topography with 5-m height resolution on 100x100-m individual areas covering Mars

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MOLA Telemeter

from: “The MOLA Investigation of the Shape and Topography of Mars” David E. Smith, Maria T. Zuber, Proc. ODIMAP III, Pavia 2001.

The MOLA telescope is 50 cm in diameter. The laser beam is emitted from the tube on the right. The electronics is housed in the box on the left. Source is a Cr:Nd:YAG laser pumped by a 36-stack array each with 80 GaAlAs diodes, and emits 8-ns pulses of 15 mJ at 10 Hz rep rate. A 2-nm IF filter rejects solar background to the SiAPD detector

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TELEMETRY TELEMETRY

TAV 34 télémètre aéroporte à laser (CILAS (1969)

Meanwhile, telemeters were deployed in avionics (RANGEFIN- DERS)

• and. . .

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TELEMETRY TELEMETRY . . in civil-

• engineering

applications: TOPOGRAPHY they marked the retirement

• f the

theodolite

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TELEMETRY TELEMETRY a derivation

• f the laser

telemeter is the

LIDAR,

for air pollution monitoring

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recent additions: imaging telemeters

3D imaging by pulsed laser

Outdoor mapping of a 8x10 m scene, taken with a pulsed laser, scanned by a rotating mirror and prism combination (top), yielding a 2-cm distance resolution at 0-300m distance (by: R.Flatscher, A.Ulrich,

G.Paar, G.J.Ulbrich, Proc. ODIMAPII, Pavia 1999).

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recent addition 2: handheld telemeters

Intended for construction construction works but also for fast measurement of apartment apartment surface surface, and as a help for golf golf players players, this sine-wave modulated telemeter offers >100 m range and a cm-resolution at a very affordable price (~300 Euro)

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and the perspective

in the automotive, telemeters have been tested as anticollision anticollision system and are the key subsystem for automated driver automated driver

• f next decade

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Automated driver Automated driver

In adaptive cruise control cruise control, anticollision telemeter and vision system are coupled to side side-

• detection

detection sensors to improve

• safety. Next step will be the automated driver

(from: Spectrum IEEE, Jan.2000)

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ELECTRO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION

• telemetry

The album of successes:

• interferometry

interferometry

• gyroscopes
• velocimetry

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INTERFEROMETRY INTERFEROMETRY

• a well-known technique (used in optics since the 1800s),

now exploiting the long coherence length of lasers

• The first ‘laser interferometer’ appears in 1965 (HP5526)

since then, 2K .. 5K units sold per year (a big success . !)

• The first scientific experiments (1968): earth crust tides
• Doppler velocimeters follow in 1970s (another success. !)
• ESPI vibration/strain analyzers in 1975
• widespread applications, a big tree growing up . . .

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INTERFEROMETERS INTERFEROMETERS

VIBRATION Analyzers

LASER INTERFEROMETRY

scient if ic uses t echnical uses

s≈1km s≈1OOm s≈1m s≈<1cm

INTERFEROMETERS for MECHANICAL METROLOGY DOPPLER VELOCIMETERS for ANEMOMETRY ESPI (SPECKLE PA TTERN) RLG and FOG GYROSCOPES avionics indust rial uses SPACE TELEMETRY of GEODETIC SATELLITES EARTH TIDES SENSING LARGE STRUCT VIBROMETRY METROLOGY of LENGTH (and derived quantities) BIOLOGICAL MOTILITY SENSING ACOUSTIC EMISSION and SAW SENSING GEODETIC GRAVIMETRY GRA VITATIONAL ANTENNAS OPTICAL FIBER SENSORS OPTICS ELECTRONICS WAVE and FIELDS TECHNOLOGY MEASUR.SCIENCE

Interferometry is a big tree with roots in optics, electronics, e.m. fields, measurement science, and technology. It is since the advent of the laser that it has grown out in so many new branches

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INTERFEROMETERS INTERFEROMETERS

The Laser Interferometer HP5525, since its inception has established a new standard of machine-tool measurement. It can ensure a 0.1 μm resolution and a 6-digit precision to displacement mesurements up to several meter range

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INTERFEROMETERS INTERFEROMETERS

Progresses in recent years have extended the interferometric resolution to the image format, creating a new tool for inspection and diagnostics (Wyko 2000).

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INTERFEROMETERS: LIGO INTERFEROMETERS: LIGO Meanwhile, big science does not stop! LIGO is a gravitational wave detector, a balanced Michelson interferometer with 4-km arm length, actuated by 10-kg test masses suspended in vacuum

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INTERFEROMETERS: LIGO INTERFEROMETERS: LIGO The first step, the LIGO I interferometer, is designed to attain a 10-22 m/m strain strain sensitivity sensitivity, a record performance

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INTERFEROMETERS: LIGO INTERFEROMETERS: LIGO With such a sensitivity, LIGO I should be able to detect neutron star and supernova collapse up to 100 Mparsec away (right) Spurios siganls will be ruled out by a coincidence principle (below)

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ELECTRO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION

• telemetry

The album of successes:

• interferometry
• gyroscopes
• velocimetry

velocimetry

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LASER DOPPLER VELOCIMETRY (LDV) LASER DOPPLER VELOCIMETRY (LDV) Nowadays another well-established electro-optical instrument for sensing and measurements of velocity in fluids, the LDV makes non-contact measurement and covers the amazing range from ≈1 μm/s to over1 km/s

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A LDV system is developed for use on practical gas-turbine engines. The system measures inlet and exhaust velocities on an F-100 EMD engine from an F-15 airplane. Plots below show axial speeds in inlet and exhaust flows as measured by use of the LDV system during a transient from idle to full military power then back to idle.

LDV applications LDV applications

from: Dryden Flight Research Center

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The LDA technique is ideal for 1D, 2D and 3D point measurement of velocity components and turbulence distribution in both free flows and internal flows. Results of measurement are important steps in fine-tuning product designs to improve aerodynamic efficiency, quality and safety. Application here is an example of measurement

• f external flow patterns

around car’ hulls,to

• ptimize the CX

LDV applications LDV applications

Dantec Dynamics’ LDA systems

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Hot-wire Anemometry (HWA) is a point-measuring technique appropriate for measurement of flows with high turbulence and the study of microstructures, where we need to resolve small flow eddies down to the order of tenths of a mm. HWA is often applied in wind tunnel during the design phase

• f buildings and structures

located both on land and in the sea, when they must be

• ptimised to withstand wind

and/or wave forces. Typical applications include flows around tall buildings, bridges, offshore

• il rigs and research in

aerodynamics and turbulence

… … and other approaches: 1 and other approaches: 1-

• HWA

HWA

courtesy of Dantec Dynamics

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courest PIV is a whole-flow-field technique providing velocity vector measurements in a cross- section of a flow. Two axes are usually measured, but with a stereoscopic approach all 3 are recorded, resulting in instantaneous 3D velocity vectors for the entire image. The use of CCD cameras and dedicated computing hardware, results in real- time velocity maps. … … and other approaches: 2 and other approaches: 2-

• Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)

Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)

courtesy of Dantec, DK

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ELECTRO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION

• telemetry

The album of successes:

• interferometry
• gyroscopes

gyroscopes

• velocimetry

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GYROSCOPES GYROSCOPES

1962: shortly after the He-Ne laser invention (1960), W.Macek experimented at Sperry the first laser gyro concept and was able to detect earth rotation (15°/h)

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GYROSCOPES : the RLG GYROSCOPES : the RLG It took 12 years

• f engineering

efforts for the RLG to became (1975) the heart

• f INU -inertial

navigation units This 8-cm side RGLG has a 0.001°/h performance

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RLG INU RLG INU Since 1980, any new aircraft is equipped with a 3-axis RLG INU capable of 1 mile/hour 0.05° attitude and 3-m heigth accuracy, in a 60x30x20 cm box tagged at 1.8 M$ price

Litton LN-93

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Fiberoptics Gyroscope (FOG) Fiberoptics Gyroscope (FOG) Meanwhile (1975) the fiber-optics- gyroscope is developed, less performant but more rugged and lightweight, now used to stabilize communication satellites . . .

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Space FOG Space FOG The Iridium World Satellite Service . . like in the IRIDIUM network of worldwide cellular telephone, attempted in 1990 …

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Space FOG 2 Space FOG 2 . . and more recently, with the CLIVAR atlantic network of wheather observation satellites. Space applications of gyros are fluorishing. Just to mention one, the NASA Gravity Probe B, a gyro on a satellite orbiting the earth is trying to sense the minute warping of space due to the earth mass,finding that some length is missing in completing the orbit

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MEMS and MOEMS gyros MEMS and MOEMS gyros

The R&D effort is not over. In the quest of miniaturization, gyroscopes based on MEOMS (micro-electro-

• ptical-

mechanical systems) are approaching the viability

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Automotive Gyro

Magneti Marelli RP … in automotive navigation system, where they backup the attitude GPS system (the Route Planner)

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Modern Gyros

In industrial application, robotics, automotive and entartainment, gyroscopes (either FOG or MEMS/MOEMS) are nowadays opening a number

• f new opportunities, like e.g.:
• sight-stabilization in binoculars
• robotic arm guidance
• lateral airbag control
• dynamometric tools

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Industrial applications of gyroscopes

This kind of monkey wrench combines a strain-gage and a gyroscope to sense torque and angle. Looking at the strain/stress diagram, we canfind the

• ptimum torque for tightening a

screw-and-bolt mechanical joint

DIGITORK 2520 of BLM (Milano)

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ELECTRO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION

• particle

particle-

• size analizers

size analizers The album of successes: new lines are still being added …

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Particle Size Measurement Particle size analyzers are the workhorse in Analysis, for testing

• f chemical, biochemical, medical and industrial samples. Using

a revolver feeder of cuvettes, assay is automatized (CILAS).

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Particle Size Measurement Modern particle-size analyzer uses both diffraction and extinction (LAELS + SEAS) to measure diameters from 0.02 to 2500 μm [by CILAS, France]

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Particle Size Measurement

An example of an-easy-to-get particle size pdf p(D) and cumulative P(D) distribution measured by a commercial instrument (courtesy of CILAS)

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for further readings:

book: http://www.pearsonptg.com/book detail/0,2461,0130616109,00.html price: 85 US$ at bookstore 40-50 US$ with amazon.com

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fine ! grazie