Electro Optical Instrumentation: Milestones and Trends Silvano Donati Silvano Donati http://www.unipv.it/donati 1 LEOS 30 th Anniversary , March 14, 2008
ELECTRO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION Electro-Optical Instrumentation starts to appear in the‘70, soon after the laser is developed. Big successes like telemeters, gyroscopes, laser interferometers, laser velocimeters, particle size analyzers - are just few examples of instruments that have marked milestones in the science of measurement and gained general acceptance in engineering applications. 2 LEOS 30 th Anniversary , March 14, 2008
ELECTRO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION Electro-optical instruments are products spreading from industry and manufacturing to scientific applications, from avionics and space to medicine and biology. Improvements and new concepts continue to boost R&D activity and promote the growth of a wealthy market of E-O instruments. 3 LEOS 30 th Anniversary , March 14, 2008
ELECTRO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION: scientific Journals reflect the growth 20 000 17 500 IEEE J. Lightw Techn. Appl Optics I,II,III IEEE J.Quantum El. IEEE J. Display 15 000 IEE J. Optoelctr. Optics Express J Opt. Q.El 12 500 IEEE J.STQE n° pagine / anno Optics Lett. 10 000 7500 JOSA .,A &B IEEE PTL 5000 2500 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 LEOS 30 th Anniversary , March 14, 2008
ELECTRO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION:the market World Market of World Market of Optical Fiber Communications Optoelectronics Instrumentation (components and e systems): 44 000 M$ (1999) civil 3 400 M$ 10 000 (2002) avionics 4 400 15 000 (2004) military 5 600 21 000 (2007) total 13 400 M$ (2007) 40 000 (2010 projection) (annual growth +6% , Laser Focus estimate) 5 LEOS 30 th Anniversary , March 14, 2008
MARKET of INDUSTRIAL ELECTRO-� OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION (excluding Avionics and EW apparatus) Year 2007, figures in M$, (..)=% increase per year, year since inception. References: OIDA and LaserFocus 720 LASER INTERFEROMETERS 1968 (+5%) LASER DOPPL. VELOCIMETERS 830 (+5%) 1975 and VIBROMETERS PROFILOMETERS, 3-D and ESPI 410 (+5%) 1974 385 TELEMETERS & GEODIMETERS (+5%) 1970 180 PARTICLE SIZE MEAS. (+5%) 1970 ALIGNMENT and CONSTRUCTION 95 1970 (+10%) FIBEROPTIC SENSORS 180 1982 (+1%) OTHERS 620 (+7%) 3420 INDUSTR. INSTRUMENTATION TOTAL 6 LEOS 30 th Anniversary , March 14, 2008
ELECTRO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION: a bit of history through the milestones The album of successes: • laser telemetry telemetry laser • interferometry • velocimetry • gyroscopes 7 LEOS 30 th Anniversary , March 14, 2008
TELEMETR RY Y TELEMET Telemetry started with LURE (LUnar Ranging Experiment), an experiment carried out in 1970 when the astronauts of Apollo 11 brought on the moon an array of corner-cubes (100 x 1” dia.). Five telescopes on earth aimed the array with their Q- switched ruby laser, launching a 0.5-J, 10-ns pulse. Three telescopes got the return, a ≈ 10-photon pulse. The time-of- flight measurement translated into a distance measured with an accuracy ≈ 30cm of the 384,000 km baseline. 8 LEOS 30 th Anniversary , March 14, 2008
TELEMETRY TELEMETRY In 1999, the MOLA (Mars-Orbiter -Altimeter) of the Pathfinder mis- sion has completed a 2-year survey of the topography with 5-m height resolution on 100x100-m individual areas covering Mars 9 LEOS 30 th Anniversary , March 14, 2008
MOLA Telemeter The MOLA telescope is 50 cm in diameter. The laser beam is emitted from the tube on the right. The electronics is housed in the box on the left. Source is a Cr:Nd:YAG laser pumped by a 36-stack array each with 80 GaAlAs diodes, and emits 8-ns pulses of 15 mJ at 10 Hz rep rate. A 2-nm IF filter rejects solar background to the SiAPD detector from: “ The MOLA Investigation of the Shape and Topography of Mars” David E. Smith, Maria T. Zuber, Proc. ODIMAP III, Pavia 2001. 10 LEOS 30 th Anniversary , March 14, 2008
TELEMETRY TELEMETRY Meanwhile, telemeters were deployed in avionics (RANGEFIN- DERS) and. . . TAV 34 télémètre aéroporte à laser (CILAS (1969) 11 LEOS 30 th Anniversary , March 14, 2008
TELEMETRY TELEMETRY . . in civil- -engineering applications: TOPOGRAPHY they marked the retirement of the theodolite 12 LEOS 30 th Anniversary , March 14, 2008
TELEMETRY TELEMETRY a derivation of the laser telemeter is the LIDAR, for air pollution monitoring 13 LEOS 30 th Anniversary , March 14, 2008
recent additions: imaging telemeters 3D imaging by pulsed laser Outdoor mapping of a 8x10 m scene, taken with a pulsed laser, scanned by a rotating mirror and prism combination (top), yielding a 2-cm distance resolution at 0-300m distance ( by: R.Flatscher, A.Ulrich, G.Paar, G.J.Ulbrich, Proc. ODIMAPII, Pavia 1999). 14 LEOS 30 th Anniversary , March 14, 2008
recent addition 2: handheld telemeters Intended for construction construction works but also for fast measurement of apartment surface surface, and as a help for apartment golf players players, this sine-wave golf modulated telemeter offers >100 m range and a cm-resolution at a very affordable price (~300 Euro) 15 LEOS 30 th Anniversary , March 14, 2008
and the perspective in the automotive, telemeters have been tested as anticollision anticollision system and are the key subsystem for automated driver automated driver of next decade 16 LEOS 30 th Anniversary , March 14, 2008
Automated driver Automated driver In adaptive cruise control cruise control, anticollision telemeter and vision system are coupled to side side- -detection detection sensors to improve safety. Next step will be the automated driver (from: Spectrum IEEE, Jan.2000) 17 LEOS 30 th Anniversary , March 14, 2008
ELECTRO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION The album of successes: • telemetry • interferometry • interferometry • velocimetry • gyroscopes 18 LEOS 30 th Anniversary , March 14, 2008
INTERFEROMETRY INTERFEROMETRY a well-known technique (used in optics since the 1800s), � now exploiting the long coherence length of lasers The first ‘laser interferometer’ appears in 1965 (HP5526) � since then, 2K .. 5K units sold per year (a big success . !) The first scientific experiments (1968): earth crust tides � Doppler velocimeters follow in 1970s (another success. !) � ESPI vibration/strain analyzers in 1975 � widespread applications, a big tree growing up . . . � 19 LEOS 30 th Anniversary , March 14, 2008
INTERFEROMETERS INTERFEROMETERS INTERFEROMETERS for OPTICAL FIBER SPACE TELEMETRY of MECHANICAL SENSORS GEODETIC SATELLITES METROLOGY EARTH TIDES s ≈ 1km SENSING DOPPLER VELOCIMETERS Interferometry is for ANEMOMETRY LARGE STRUCT s ≈ 1OOm VIBROMETRY a big tree with ESPI (SPECKLE PA TTERN) VIBRATION METROLOGY of roots in optics, Analyzers LENGTH (and derived quantities) s ≈ 1m indust rial electronics, uses GEODETIC GRAVIMETRY e.m. fields, s ≈ <1cm measurement BIOLOGICAL MOTILITY science, and SENSING ACOUSTIC EMISSION technology. and SAW SENSING avionics RLG and FOG scient if ic It is since the GYROSCOPES t echnical uses GRA VITATIONAL uses ANTENNAS advent of the laser that it has grown out in so LASER INTERFEROMETRY many new branches TECHNOLOGY 20 OPTICS ELECTRONICS LEOS 30 th Anniversary , March 14, 2008 MEASUR.SCIENCE WAVE and FIELDS
INTERFEROMETERS INTERFEROMETERS The Laser Interferometer HP5525, since its inception has established a new standard of machine-tool measurement. It can ensure a 0.1 μ m resolution and a 6-digit precision to displacement mesurements up to several meter range 21 LEOS 30 th Anniversary , March 14, 2008
INTERFEROMETERS INTERFEROMETERS Progresses in recent years have extended the interferometric resolution to the image format, creating a new tool for inspection and diagnostics (Wyko 2000). 22 LEOS 30 th Anniversary , March 14, 2008
INTERFEROMETERS: LIGO INTERFEROMETERS: LIGO Meanwhile, big science does not stop! LIGO is a gravitational wave detector, a balanced Michelson interferometer with 4-km arm length, actuated by 10-kg test masses suspended in vacuum 23 LEOS 30 th Anniversary , March 14, 2008
INTERFEROMETERS: LIGO INTERFEROMETERS: LIGO The first step, the LIGO I interferometer, is designed to attain a 10 -22 m/m strain strain sensitivity, sensitivity a record performance 24 LEOS 30 th Anniversary , March 14, 2008
INTERFEROMETERS: LIGO INTERFEROMETERS: LIGO With such a sensitivity, LIGO I should be able to detect neutron star and supernova collapse up to 100 Mparsec away (right) Spurios siganls will be ruled out by a coincidence principle (below) 25 LEOS 30 th Anniversary , March 14, 2008
ELECTRO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION The album of successes: • telemetry • interferometry • • velocimetry velocimetry • gyroscopes 26 LEOS 30 th Anniversary , March 14, 2008
LASER DOPPLER VELOCIMETRY (LDV) LASER DOPPLER VELOCIMETRY (LDV) Nowadays another well-established electro-optical instrument for sensing and measurements of velocity in fluids, the LDV makes non-contact measurement and covers the amazing range from ≈ 1 μ m/s to over1 km/s 27 LEOS 30 th Anniversary , March 14, 2008
Recommend
More recommend
