Line intensities and Collisional-Radiative Modeling H. K. Chung - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Line intensities and
 Collisional-Radiative Modeling

• H. K. Chung

(many slides from Y . Ralchenko & J. Seely presentations at ICTP-IAEA School in 2017)

http://indico.ictp.it/event/7950/other-view?view=ictptimetable https://www-amdis.iaea.org/Workshops/ICTP2017/

May 8th, 2019 Joint ICTP-IAEA School on Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy in Plasmas Trieste, Italy

1

INTRODUCTION

Spectroscopic observables of matter states

2

3

Experimental X-Ray Spectra

What are the spectral lines? Can we determine the plasma temperature and density? Other plasma properties? Unexpected discoveries?

Spectral Line Intensity (optically thin)

Einstein coefficient or transition probability (s-1) Upper state density (cm-3) Photon energy (J) Energy emitted due to a specific transition from a unit volume per unit time (almost) purely atomic parameters strongly depends

• n plasma conditions

ij ij j ij

h A N I ν ⋅ ⋅ =

j i Eij

4

INGREDIENTS OF SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS

5 fields of expertize to constitute plasma spectroscopic analysis

5

1) A Complete Set of Atomic Data

Energy levels of an atom

Continuum

Ground state of ion Z Ground state

• f ion Z+1

B1 A3 A1 A2

BOUND-BOUND TRANSITIONS

A1→A2+hv2 Spontaneous emission A1+hv1↔A2+ hv1+hv2 Photo-absorption or emission A1+e1↔A2+e2 Collisional excitation or deexcitation

BOUND-FREE TRANSITIONS

B1+e→A2+hv3 Radiative recombination B1+e↔ A2+hv3 Photoionization / stimulated recombination B1+e1↔ A2+e2 Collisional ionization / recombination B1+e1↔ A3 ↔A2+hv3 Autoionization / Dielectronic

Recombination (electron capture + stabilization)

Atomic Physics Codes: FAC, HULLAC, LANL, GRASP-2K

6

2) Population Kinetics Modeling

∑ ∑

≠ ≠

+ − =

max max N i j ji j N i j ij i i

W n W n dt dn

ij e ij ij e ij ij ij

n C n J B W γ β + + + =

ij e DR ji RR ji e ji e ji ji ij ji

n n D n J B A W δ α α

2

) ( + + + + + =

Bij Stimulated absorption Cij Collisional excitation γij Collisional ionization βij Photoionization (+st. recom) Aij Spontaneous emission Bij Stimulated emission Dij Collisional deexcitation αijDR Dielectronic recombination αijRR Radiative recombination δij Collisional recombination

The key is to figure out how to manage the infinite set of levels and transitions of atoms and ions into a model with a tractable set of levels and transitions that represents a physical reality! (Completeness + Tractability + Accuracy)

7

3) Radiation Transport

• Radiation intensity I(r,n,v,t) is determined self-consistently from the coupled

integro-differential radiation transport and population kinetic equations

) , , , ( ) , , , ( ) , , , ( ) , , , ( )] ( ) / ( [

1

t I t t t I t c ν ν χ ν η ν n r n r n r n r n − = ∇ ⋅ + ∂ ∂

−

) 1 )( , ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ] ) / ( [

/ / * kT h e i kT h i i i ij j j i i i j i

e T n n e n n n g g n

ν κκ κ κ κ ν ν

ν α ν α ν α χ

− − >

− + − + − =

∑ ∑ ∑∑

• Emissivity η(r,n,v,t) and Opacity χ(r,n,v,t) and are obtained with

population densities and radiative transition probabilities

( )

⎥ ⎦ ⎤ ⎢ ⎣ ⎡ + + =

− − >

∑ ∑ ∑∑

kT h e i i kT h i i i j ij j j i

e T n n e n n g g c h

/ / * 2 3

) , ( ) ( ) ( ) / ( / 2

ν κκ κ κ κ ν ν

ν α ν α ν α ν η

Radiation field carries the information on atoms in plasmas through population distributions

8

4) Line Shape Theory for Radiation Transport

• Line shape theory is a

theoretically rich field incorporating quantum-mechanics and statistical mechanics

• Line shapes have provided

successful diagnostics for a vast range of plasma conditions

– Natural broadening (intrinsic) – Doppler broadening (Ti) – Stark broadening (Ne) – Opacity broadening – Resonance broadening (neutrals)

Ground state of ion Z

9

ν νij

5) Particle Energy Distribution

• Time scales are very different between atomic processes and

classical particle motions : separation between QM processes and particle mechanics

• Radiation-Hydrodynamics simulations

– Fluid treatment of plasma physics

• Mass, momentum and energy equations solved

– Plasma thermodynamic properties – LTE (Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium) (assumed)

• PIC (Particle-In-Cell) simulations

– Particle treatment of plasma physics

• Boltzmann transport and Maxwell equations solved

– Electron energy distribution function – Simple ionization model (assumed) Is this a valid assumption?

10

11

First, identify lines and then obtain line intensities using a kinetics code and determine the temperature and density of the plasma emission region.

POPULATION KINETICS MODELS

Statistical Distributions of Electronic Level Population Density 3 Representative Models

12

(1) Thermodynamic equilibrium

• Principle of detailed balance

– each direct process is

balanced by the inverse

• radiative decay

(spontaneous+stimulated) ↔ photoexcitation

• photoionization ↔ photorecombination
• excitation ↔ deexcitation
• ionization ↔ 3-body recombination
• autoionization ↔ dielectronic capture

Photons Atoms Ions Electron s

13

TE: distributions

• Four “systems”: photons, electrons, atoms and ions
• Same temperature Tr = Te = Ti
• We know the equilibrium distributions for each of them

– Photons: Planck – Electrons (free-free): Maxwell – Populations within atoms/ions (bound-bound): Boltzmann – Populations between atoms/ions (bound-free): Saha

14

Energy Continuum Bound states

Maxwell Saha Boltzmann

Ionization energy

TE: energy scheme

Boltzmann:

⎟ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛ − − =

e

T E E g g N N

2 1 2 1 2 1

exp

15

Planck and Maxwell

• Planck distribution
• Maxwell distribution

( )

dE T E E T dE E f

e e M

⎟ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛− = exp 2

2 / 1 2 / 3 2 / 1

π

( )

1 1 2

/ 2 2 3

− =

T E

e c h E E B

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Saha Distribution

Z Z+1

AZ (+ e) ↔AZ+1 + e (+ e)

ionization 3-body recombination autoionization dielectronic capture

∑

− − − + +

= ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛ =

i T E E i Z Z T I e e Z Z Z Z

e i e Z

e g g e N h mT g g N N

, 2 / 3 2 1 1

1 2 2 π

Which ion is the most abundant?

1

1

=

+ Z Z

N N

( )

10 ~ 1 >>

e Z

T I

17

Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium

• (Almost) never complete TE: photons decouple

easily…therefore, let’s forget about the photons!

• LTE = Saha + Boltzmann + Maxwell
• Griem’s criterion for Boltzmann: collisional rates > 10*radiative

rates

• Saha criterion for low Te:

[ ]

[ ]

( )

[ ]

( )

7 2 / 1 3 01 14 3

10 4 . 1 Z eV T eV E cm N

e e

∝ Δ × >

−

[ ]

[ ]

( )

[ ]

( )

6 2 / 1 2 / 5 14 3

10 1 Z eV T eV I cm N

e z e

∝ × >

−

H I (2 eV): 2×1017 cm-3 C V (80 eV): 2×1022 cm-3 H I (2 eV): 1017 cm-3 C V (80 eV): 3×1021 cm-3

18

LTE Line Intensities

• No atomic transition data (only energies and statistical

weights) are needed to calculate populations

• Intensity ratio
• Or just plot the intensities on a log scale:

⎟ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛ − − Δ Δ = Δ Δ =

e

T E E A E g A E g A E N A E N I I

2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1

exp

exp( / ) ln( / ) / ln( )

i i e i i e

g I N A E AE E T G I g AE E T G = ⋅ ⋅ = − = − −

Aragon et al, J Phys B 44, 055002 (2011)

Boltzmann plot

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Saha-LTE conclusions

• Collisions >> radiative processes

– Saha between ions – Boltzmann within ions

• Since collisions decrease with Z and radiative

processes increase with Z, higher densities are needed for higher ions to reach Saha/LTE conditions

– H I: 1017 cm-3 – Ar XVIII: 1026 cm-3 ASD: can calculate Saha/LTE spectra!!!

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Deviations from LTE

• Radiative processes are non-

negligible

– LTE: coll.rates (~ne) > 10*rad.rates

• Non-Maxwellian plasmas
• Unbalanced processes
• Anisotropy
• External fields
• …

21

Radiative (~n-3) Collisional (~n4) Partial LTE (PLTE) for high excited states

(2) The other limiting case:
 Coronal Equilibrium

Low electron densities! Aug 21, 2017

22

Coronal Model

• High temperature, low density and
• ptically thin plasmas (Jv = 0)
• Excitations (and ionization) only from

ground state…

• …and metastables
• Does require a complete set of

collisional cross sections

• Do we have to calculate all direct and

inverse processes?..

x x x x x

23

Coronal Model

• Rates (Ne2) << Rates (Ne) << Rates

(spontaneous)

– 3-body recombination not important – Collisional processes from excited levels dominated by spontaneous radiative decays – Left with collisional processes from ground levels and radiative processes from excited levels

• Atomic processes:

– Collis. ionization (including EA), – Radiative recombination (including DR) – Collisional excitation – Radiative decay (including cascades)

• Ions basically in their ground state
• Ionization decoupled from excitation

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x x x x x

Line Intensities under CE

Ng N1 Rexc Arad

Balance equation:

E R N E A N I A N N A R N N A N R N

exc g rad rad e g rad exc g rad exc g

= = = = =

1 1 1

vσ

I ∝ Ne

Line intensity does NOT depend on Arad! small populations!

If more than one radiative transition:

Ng Nj

∑ ∑ ∑ ∑

< < < <

= = = = =

j k kj ij jg e g ij ij j ij j i ij jg e g j i ij exc g j j i ij j exc g

A A N N A E N I A N N A R N N A N R N σ σ v v

Also cascades may be important

25

Ionization Balance in CE

Z Z+1

Electron-impact ionization: ∝Ne Photo recombination and Dielectronic recombination: ∝Ne

DR e RR e ion e Z Z

v N v N v N N N σ σ σ + =

+1

Independent of Ne!

26

( )

30 3 ~ <

N e Z

Z T I

Most abundant ion:

Ionization Balance in a General Case

Z Z+1

Electron-impact ionization: ∝Ne Photorecombination and Dielectronic recombination: ∝Ne 3-body recombination: ∝Ne2

Z Z

N N

1

lg

+

lgNe Corona Ne0 Saha Ne-1 Ionization from excited states

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From Corona to PLTE

Collisional stronger Radiative stronger PLTE Corona 1/n3 n4 Griem limit: n ~140⋅ Z0.7 Ne

2/17 T e

1/17

28

(3) Collisional-Radiative Model

• Population distribution is obtained by rate

equations considering collisional and radiative processes, along with plasma effects

• Excited states are substantially populated and

increase the total ionization by step-wise ionization processes

• The 3-body recombination to these states is

proportional to n4 and Ne2 and excited states can significantly enhance the total recombination.

• Plasma effects such as non-local radiation

transport, fast particle collisions and density effects should be included in the model.

• Self-absorption (radiation pumping) should be

included for treating radiative processes involving optically thick lines.

Collisional-Radiative Model

Continuum

Ground state of ion Z ion Z+1

Basic rate equation

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( )

t S t N T T N N t N t A dt t N d

i e i e

ˆ ˆ ... , , , , ˆ , ˆ ˆ + ⋅ =

⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛ = ... ... ˆ

,i Z

N N

Vector of atomic states populations Rate matrix Source function

30

Off-diagonal: total rates of all processes between two levels Diagonal: total destruction rates for a level

Basic rate equation (cont’d)

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

i Z Z Z k cx k Z Zi ion p k Z Zi ion i k Z Zi ion e k Z Zi Z Z Z k cx k Z Zi dc k Z Zi rr k Z Zi b k Z Zi i j rad st ji Z rad sp ji Z dexc h ji Z dexc e ji Z i j exc p ij Z exc h ij Z exc e ij Z i Z Z Z Z k cx Zi k Z ion p Zi k Z ion i Zi k Z ion e Zi k Z k Z Z Z Z k cx Zi k Z dc Zi k Z rr Zi k Z b Zi k Z k Z i j rad st ji Z rad sp ji Z dexc h ji Z dexc e ji Z j Z i j exc p ji Z exc h ji Z exc e ji Z j Z Zi

S S S S S B A R R B R R N S S S S N N B A R R N B R R N dt dN + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + × − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + =

∑∑ ∑∑ ∑ ∑ ∑∑ ∑∑ ∑ ∑

< ∈ − − − < ∈ < − − − − > − − − < ∈ − − − > ∈ > − − − − < − − −

) (

' ' ' , ' , ' , ' , ' ' ' , ' , ' , 3 ' , , , , , , , , , ' ' , ' , ' , ' , ' ', ' ' , ' , ' , ' 3 , ' ', , , , , , , , , ,

α α α α α α α α

31

CR model: features

• 1. Most general approach to population kinetics
• 2. Depends on detailed atomic data and requires a

lot of it…

• 3. Should reach Saha/LTE conditions at high

densities and coronal at low

• 4. May includes tens up to millions of atomic states

32

CR model: questions to ask

• 1. What state description is relevant?
• 2. Which level of data accuracy is sufficient for this

particular problem?

• 3. How to calculate the rates? What is the source of

the data?

• 4. What are the most (and not so) important

physical processes?

• 5. Which plasma effects are important? Opacity?

IPD?

33

There is NO universal CR model for all cases

Non-LTE plasmas have well documented problems for experiment and theory

Au M-shell emission Glenzer et al. PRL (2001) 1st Non-LTE workshop (1996) documented large differences between codes for Au

Dielectronic Recombination and Excitation Autoionization

NLTE 6&7 Mean ion charges for Ar case, ne = 1012 cm-3

NLTE Workshops 6&7, Chung et al. HEDP 9, 645 (2013)

Pressure ionization / Ionization Potential Depression of HED matter

• For dense plasmas, high-lying states are no longer bound

due to interactions with neighbouring atoms and ions leading to a “pressure ionization”

• Ionization potentials are a function of plasma conditions

K1L8 (MN)24 K2L7 (MN)24

1x106 2x106 3x106 4x106 5x106 6x106 8000 8050 8100 8150 8200 8250 8300 8350 300 eV <Z>=17.8 Emissivity[erg/s/Hz/cm

2]

Energy

(K1L6)M1 (K1L6)

Copper : Kα spectra

Hot electron 1 MeV

SCFLY FLYCHK FLYCHK + (K1L6)M3 (K1L6)M2N1 (K1L6)M1N2 (K1L6)M2 (K1L6)M1N1

Completeness in Level Configurations

• FLYCHK uses the minimal set of configurations for NLTE plasmas
• For WDM matter the set of configurations need to be expanded

K2L8M18N5 (Z=33)

Bound K1L8 M18N6 L-shell K-shell K2L8 M18N5 K2L7 M18N6 M-shell K2L8 M17N6 K2L8 M16N7 K1L8 M16N8 K2L8 M15N8 K2L7 M16N8 ~400 eV ~400 eV K1L8 M17N7 K2L7 M17N7

HEDP 3, 57 (2007)

1x106 2x106 3x106 4x106 5x106 6x106 8000 8050 8100 8150 8200 8250 8300 8350 300 eV <Z>=17.8 Emissivity[erg/s/Hz/cm

2]

Energy

(K1L6)M1 (K1L6)

Copper : Kα spectra

Hot electron 1 MeV

SCFLY FLYCHK FLYCHK + (K1L6)M3 (K1L6)M2N1 (K1L6)M1N2 (K1L6)M2 (K1L6)M1N1

Completeness in Level Configurations for Dense Matter

HEDP 3, 57 (2007) For XFEL plasmas

Bound K1L8 M4 L-shell K-shell K2L8 M3 K2L7 M4 K1L8 (MN)4 K1L7 (MN)5 K1L6 (MN)6 K1L5 (MN)7 K1L4 (MN)8 K1L3 (MN)9 K1L2 (MN)10 K1L1 (MN)11 K1 (MN)12 K2L7 (MN)4 K2L6 (MN)5 K2L5(MN)6 K2L4(MN)7 K2L3(MN)8 K2L2(MN)9 K2L1(MN)10 K2(MN)11 K0L8 (MN)5 K0L7 (MN)6 K0L6 (MN)7 K0L5 (MN)8 K0L4 (MN)9 K0L3 (MN)10 K0L2 (MN)11 K0L1 (MN)12 K0 (MN)13

• FLYCHK uses the minimal set of configurations for NLTE plasmas
• For WDM matter the set of configurations need to be expanded

Average charge states as a function of electron density

Stepwise excitation via excited states <Z> increase 3-body recombination via Rydberg states <Z> decrease Pressure ionization of excited states and ionization potential depression <Z> increase

10 eV 100 eV 1 keV 475 eV 10 keV 4 keV

Krypton FLYCHK Te=0.5 eV-100 keV Ne=1012-1024 cm-3

LINE INTENSITY RATIO ANALYSIS

40

Spectral Line Intensity (optically thin)

Einstein coefficient or transition probability (s-1) Upper state density (cm-3) Photon energy (J) Energy emitted due to a specific transition from a unit volume per unit time (almost) purely atomic parameters strongly depends

• n plasma conditions

ij ij j ij

h A N I ν ⋅ ⋅ =

j i Eij

41

(partial-) LTE Line Intensities

• No atomic transition data (only energies and statistical

weights) are needed to calculate populations

• Intensity ratio
• Or just plot the intensities on a log scale:

⎟ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛ − − Δ Δ = Δ Δ =

e

T E E A E g A E g A E N A E N I I

2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1

exp

exp( / ) ln( / ) / ln( )

i i e i i e

g I N A E AE E T G I g AE E T G = ⋅ ⋅ = − = − −

Aragon et al, J Phys B 44, 055002 (2011)

Boltzmann plot

42

Line Intensities under CE

Ng N1 Rexc Arad

Balance equation:

E R N E A N I A N N A R N N A N R N

exc g rad rad e g rad exc g rad exc g

= = = = =

1 1 1

vσ

I ∝ Ne

Line intensity does NOT depend on Arad!

If more than one radiative transition:

Ng Nj

∑ ∑ ∑ ∑

< < < <

= = = = =

j k kj ij jg e g ij ij j ij j i ij jg e g j i ij exc g j j i ij j exc g

A A N N A E N I A N N A R N N A N R N σ σ v v

43

General ideas for line intensity ratio diagnostics

• Electron density

– Collisional dumping (density-dependent

• utflux)

– Density-dependent influx

• Electron temperature

– Different parts of Maxwellian populate different lines (upper levels)

j i

t ~ 1/A

45

Why are the forbidden lines sensitive to density?

Let put him into a formula:

g 1 2 Strong transition E.g., resonance to intercombination lines in He-like ions

Dielectronic satellites

1s2 – 1s2p: resonance lines in He-like ions 1s2nl – 1s2pnl: satellite to a resonance line (Li-like ion) Main population mechanism: dielectronic capture (resonance process!)

1s2 + e 1s2lnl’ 1s2nl’ + hv

Also in H-like and other ions

He-like lines and satellites

O.Marchuk et al, J Phys B 40, 4403 (2007)

He-like Ar Levels and Lines

1s2 1S0 1s2s 1S0 1s2p 1P1 1s2s 3S1 1s2p 3P0 1s2p 3P1 1s2p 3P2

W X Y Z

M 2 E 1 M 1 E1 2E1 E 1 + M 1 Line He0 Ar16+ Fe25+ Kr34+

W 1.8(9) 1.1(14) 4.6(14) 1.5(15) Y 1.8(2) 1.8(12) 4.4(13) 3.9(14) X 3.3(-1) 3.1(8) 6.5(9) 9.3(10) Z 1.3(-4) 4.8(6) 2.1(8) 5.8(9)

Ar XVII Line Ratios

Density Dependence

Ne X Lyα and satellites 1snl-2pnl

1019 1021 3×1020 1020 Lyα B A C

• A. 1s2s 3S1 – 2s2p 3P0,1,2
• B. 1s2p 3P0,1,2 – 2p2 3P0,1,2
• C. 1s2p 1P1 – 2p2 1D2 (J satellite)

Collisions Dielectronic Capture Radiative Decay 1s 2S 1s2p 3P 2s2p 3P 2p2 3P 1s2s 3S

1s2lnl satellites

• 1l2l2l’
• 1s2s2p - 1s2s2 2S1/2 :
• 1s2s2p(1P) 2P3/2 (s), 2P1/2 (t)
• 1s2s2p(3P) 2P3/2 (q), 2P1/2 (r)
• 1s2s2p(3P) 4P3/2 (u), 4P1/2 (v)
• 1s2p2 - 1s22p 2P1/2,3/2 :
• 1s2p2(1D) 2D3/2,5/2 (j,k,l)
• 1s2p2(3P) 2P1/2,3/2; 4P1/2,3/2,5/2
• 1s2p2(1S) 2S1/2
• 1s2lnl’ (n>2)
• Closer and closer to w
• Only 1s2l3l can be reliably

resolved

• Contribute to w line profile

Temperature diagnostics with 
 Dielectronic Satellites

Ionization limit of 1snl Ionization limit

• f 1s2nl

Li-like He-like

1s2 1s2p Ionization limit of 1s2l

Excitation rate for 1s2p ~ DC rate for 1s2l2lʹ ~

2 / 1

T e

T EW −

1s2p2l 1s2p3l

2 / 3

T e

T Es −

Reminder: for (low-density) coronal conditions line intensity = population influx Therefore:

T T T E I I

W s

1 ~ exp ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛ Δ − ∝ Independent of ionization balance since the initial state is the same!

Temperature Dependence: Lyα satellites

H-like Ne X

100 eV 130 eV 160 eV

Lyα

1s2l-2l2lʹ

1s1/2-2p1/2 1s1/2-2p3/2

1snl-2lʹnl, n=2,3,4,…

SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF ION- BEAM PRODUCED NON-MAXWELLIAN ARGON PLASMAS

55

56

57

58

59

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Spectral Line Intensity (optically thick)

Einstein coefficient or transition probability (s-1) Upper state density (cm-3) Photon energy (J) Energy emitted due to a specific transition from a unit volume per unit time (almost) purely atomic parameters strongly depends

• n plasma conditions

I ij = N j ⋅ A

ij ⋅hνij ⋅ P e

j i Eij

61

Radiation escape Probability

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

Line Width Analysis of argon plasma influenced by opacity effects

• ne diagnostics are derived from Stark broadened line widths
• Population kinetics needed for correct optical depths

Statistical Fitting Analysis of Opacity- and Stark-Broadened Ar+2 Line Profiles Measured in Ion Beam Transport Experiments H.K. Chung et al, JQSRT , vol. 65, p. 135 (2000)

data calc Without Opacity With Opacity

70

Line intensity and width analysis should include opacity effects

mean charge state

Without opacity effect With opacity effect

• Analysis of measured spectra from the initial phase of the ion-beam

plasma formation using NLTE populations reveals that IPROP (a PIC/ Fluid hybrid code) using simple population model overestimates Te

• Note that IPROP uses a simple breakdown ionization model

71

72

73

Using FLYCHK simulations: What Te and Ne to choose for the spectrum simulations? We know that the most abundant charge states in a thermal plasma have ionization potential ≈ 3Te , so choose Te ≈ 2 keV (1 keV?).

74

FLYCHK Simulations of the Ga Spectrum with Te = 2 keV and Variable Ne

Low charge states too low C is highest. Good Lower charge states too high

75

FLYCHK Simulations of the Ga Spectrum with Variable Te and Fixed Ne

Ne=1x1019 cm-3

Low charge states too low C is highest. Good Lower charge states too high He-like transitions and Li-like satellites have good intensities.

76

FLYCHK simulations of the Ga spectrum were performed with variable Te, Ne, and hot electron fraction. The correlations between the calculated and experimental spectra were calculated. The highest correlation occurred for: Te = 1100 eV ± 5% Ne = 3x1019 cm-3 ± 50% Fraction of hot electrons = 0.025 ± 0.005

0.955