Driver fatigue leading Bus safety issue 6 Florida Agencies used in - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Driver fatigue leading Bus safety issue 6 Florida Agencies used in Study Questionnaire Survey Results Straight shift mean elapsed work time = 10.33 hr Split-shift mean elapsed work time = 13.77 hr Drivers more likely to use split-time for personal activities Split-shift drivers average fewer sleeps hours

Operator schedules collected Crash/Incident reports reviewed Analysis Results: Preventable collisions more likely: 1 PM – 7 PM Highest occurrence between 1 PM to 3 PM Highest occurrence on Wednesdays followed by Mondays Probability highest for Split-shift Weekly Driving hours > 50 hr or Daily Driving hours > 11 hr

Recommendations Minimize length of splits Maximum of 10 hours per day driving Maximum 60 hours per 7 consecutive day

Examine the effects of additional hours driving outside the transit agency on fatigue Examine the effects of split-time schedules on Operator fatigue Estimate an optimum daily split-time

Long Hours of Work Lead to Fatigue Degrades Performance Alertness Concentration Increases Safety Risks

Influence of Fatigue on Transit Safety Federal Transit Administration (2007) Buses accounted for 51.9% of industry safety incidents 77.8% of all collisions 62.3% of all injuries Strathman et al. (2010) Maintaining schedules resulted in significant pressure and stress for Operators

Other Modes of Transportation Railroad and Airline Literature Trucking Industry Williamson et al. (2001) – 1/5 of Drivers involved in a fatigue related collision Gander et al. (2006) – 17.6% of collisions studied were associated with fatigue factors

Florida Agencies Selected (5): Jacksonville (JTA) Orlando (LYNX) Tampa (HART) Miami Dade (MDT) Tallahassee (StarMetro)

Operator Schedules Drivers involved in a preventable accident All drivers Questionnaire survey

Collection Results No. of Drivers Agency Involved in Preventable Completed Survey Total All Drivers Accidents Jacksonville (JTA) 127 49 350 Orlando (LYNX) 137 58 363 Tampa (HART) 100 97 329 Miami Dade (MDT) 205 144 608 Tallahassee (StarMetro) 104 62 -- Total 673 410 1650

Combined Agency Operators 100% Transit Operators (%) 80% 90.8% 60% 40% 20% 9.2% 0% Full-time Part-time Driver Employment Type

Split-time Questionnaire Results Noticeable concerns with Split-shifts Agency Drivers Surveyed Split-time Comments Percentage Jacksonville (JTA) 49 12 24.5% Orlando (LYNX) 59 22 37.3% Tampa (HART) 97 27 27.8% Miami Dade (MDT) 144 14 9.7% Tallahassee (StarMetro) 63 12 19.0% Total 412 87 21.1%

Percentage of Drivers concerned about Split-time 40% Operators Concerned about 37.3% 30% Split-time (%) 27.8% 20% 24.5% 19.0% 10% 9.7% 0% JTA Tampa Tallahassee Orlando Miami Agency

Operator Concerns 21.1% of drivers (combined) prefer to remove or reduce split-time Miami Dade drivers – minimal concern about split-shifts (paid hours) 3 drivers in Tampa are part-time workers Only 1 driver in Miami is part-time

Operators with secondary driving job Total Drivers with 2nd % Part- Part-time Agency Percentage Surveyed driving job time Drivers Jacksonville (JTA) 49 3 6.1% 0.0% 0 Orlando (LYNX) 58 11 19.0% 1.7% 1 Tampa (HART) 97 9 9.3% 0.0% 0 Miami Dade (MDT) 144 20 13.9% 3.5% 5 Tallahassee (StarMetro) 62 17 27.4% 6.5% 4 Total 410 60 14.6% 2.4% 10

Proportion of All Operators with secondary driving jobs 30% 27.0% 25% Transit Operators (%) 18.6% 20% 13.9% 15% 7.7% 9.3% 10% 6.1% 3.5% 5% 1.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0% JTA Tampa Tallahassee Orlando Miami Agency Drivers with more than one driving job No. of part-time drivers in this group

Types of secondary driving jobs Proportion of second job transportation Operators with Secondary 50% 40.0% 38.3% Driving Jobs (%) 40% 30% 20% 13.3% 10% 5.0% 1.7% 1.7% 0% Taxi Bus Limousine UPS/FEDEX Starmetro Other Vans Type of Transportation Bus category includes all bus types

Daily hours of driving time and time spent at work by drivers with secondary driving jobs 60% Operators with Secondary Time Driving Time at work 50% Driving Job (%) 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 0-8 8.1-9 9.1-10 10.1-11 11.1-12 > 12 Daily Hours (hr)

21.1% of drivers dislike split-shift schedules (Miami Dade drivers the exception) A number of drivers also have secondary driving jobs More drivers spend longer periods at work than actual driving time

Drivers’ schedules during week of accident occurrence Drivers involved in accidents Agency Fleet size With split Proportion Without split Proportion Jacksonville (JTA) 127 84 66.1% 43 33.9% Orlando (LYNX) 137 88 64.2% 49 35.8% Tampa (HART) 100 45 45.0% 55 55.0% Miami Dade (MDT) 205 142 69.3% 63 30.7% Tallahassee (StarMetro) -- -- -- -- -- Total 569 359 63.1% 210 36.9%

Drivers involved in accidents with and without split-shifts 80% Operators Involved in Preventable 69.3% 66.1% 64.2% 55.0% 60% Accidents (%) 45.0% 35.8% 40% 33.9% 30.7% 20% 0% JTA Miami Orlando Tampa Agency With split Without split

Daily Hours spent Driving compared to Daily Hours Spent at Work 35% Preventable Accidents (%) Operators Involved in 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 0-8 8.1-9 9.1-10 10.1-11 11.1-12 > 12 Daily Hours (hr) Daily Hours Driving Daily Hours Spent at Work

Collision Occurrences by Day of Week 25% Collisions Occurrence (%) 19.5% 18.1% 20% 16.0% 14.2% 15% 12.8% 12.5% 10% 5% 0% SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY Day of Week

Collision Occurrences by Time of Day 30% 28.3% Collision Occurrence (%) 25% 21.8% 22.0% 20% 16.0% 15% 9.8% 10% 5% 2.1% 0% 12am-4am 4am-8am 8am-12pm 12pm-4pm 4pm-8pm 8pm-12am Time of day

Operators with Varying Daily Shift Hours 80% Preventable Accidents (%) Operators Involved in 60% 72.6% 40% 20% 27.4% 0% Yes No Experience Varying Daily Shift Hours

Split-shifts during week before accident 60% 48.1% Preventable Accidents (%) 50% Operators Involved in 40% 30% 20% 12.4% 12.4% 7.4% 9.4% 9.4% 10% 1.0% 0% 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Number of split-shifts per week

Split-time during Day of Accident Split time during the Day of Accident Hours 0 <1 1 -2 2-3 3-4 >4 359 32 48 55 41 34 No. Drivers 63.1% 5.6% 8.4% 9.7% 7.2% 6.0% % of Total

Split hours during day of accident 80% Preventable Accidents (%) 63.1% Operators Involved in 60% 40% 20% 9.7% 8.4% 7.2% 6.0% 5.6% 0% 0 <1 1 -2 2-3 3-4 >4 Split Hours

Accident Proportion Relative to Driving Time Proportion Split time Number of Accident Total Driving Time Accident proportion relative to (hr) Accidents proportion time (hr) proportion time proportion 0 359 0.63 8959.6 0.85 0.74 0-1 32 0.06 329.1 0.03 1.81 1-2 48 0.08 943.3 0.09 0.94 2-3 55 0.10 242.6 0.02 4.21 3-4 41 0.07 79.0 0.01 9.64 >4 34 0.06 11.7 0.00 53.82 Total 569 1.00 10565 1.00

Accident Proportion Relative to Exposure by Daily Split-time 60 50 Accident proportion 40 30 20 10 0 0 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 >4 Split time (hr)

Operators involved in Accidents Relative to Split-time 100% Preventable Accidents (%) 85.4% Operators involved in 80% 63.1% 60% 40% 20% 13.2% 9.7% 8.4% 8.4% 5.6% 2.9% 2.5% 0.9% 0% 0 <1 1 -2 2-3 >3 Split time (hr) Drivers involved in accident All drivers

Operators Involved in Accident Relative to Exposure by Daily Split-time 18 16 Accident proportion 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 <1 1 -2 2-3 >3 Split time (hr)

Operators involved in accidents spend longer hours at work than actual driving time Collisions occurred most frequently between 4 PM – 6 PM Greater propensity for accidents with different shifts Longer shifts increase accident rate Favorable split-time duration of 1 to 2 hours

A system allowing Operators to declare secondary driving jobs Special bidding process for Operators with secondary driving jobs Minimize split-times for longer shifts