Understanding driver/pedestrian conflicts: Driver Understanding driver/pedestrian conflicts: Driver behaviour and effects of measures at pedestrian behaviour and effects of measures at pedestrian crossings crossings 19th ICTCT Workshop in Minsk, Belarus 19th ICTCT Workshop in Minsk, Belarus October 26th- -27th 2006 27th 2006 October 26th Truls Vaa Transportøkonomisk institutt (TØI) , Box 6110 - Etterstad N-0602 Oslo, Norge
Objectives Objectives • Describe the Describe the effects of road safety measures effects of road safety measures especially especially • addressed and designed to promote road safety for addressed and designed to promote road safety for pedestrians pedestrians • Discuss and Discuss and propose a theoretical explanation propose a theoretical explanation why why • ordinary pedestrian crossings seem to increase the ordinary pedestrian crossings seem to increase the number of accidents involving pedestrians at pedestrian number of accidents involving pedestrians at pedestrian crossings crossings • Propose elements and dynamics in a suggested Propose elements and dynamics in a suggested • “Pedestrian Behaviour Model Pedestrian Behaviour Model” ” “ 2
Handbook of Road Safety Measures (2004) Handbook of Road Safety Measures (2004) • Marking pedestrian crossings on carriageways, normally • Marking pedestrian crossings on carriageways, normally combined with traffic signs combined with traffic signs • Traffic signal control of pedestrian crossings (at intersections and and • Traffic signal control of pedestrian crossings (at intersections mid- -block) block) mid • Raised pedestrian crossings • Raised pedestrian crossings • • Refuges (traffic islands on pedestrian crossings) Refuges (traffic islands on pedestrian crossings) • Pedestrian guard rails • Pedestrian guard rails • School crossing patrols • School crossing patrols • pavement widening at intersections • pavement widening at intersections • All: Estimates of effects on accidents by meta-analysis 3
Studies per 2004 (1997) Studies per 2004 (1997) • Mackie and Older 1965 (Great Britain, ordinary and traffic signal controlled pedestrian crossings) l controlled pedestrian crossings) • Mackie and Older 1965 (Great Britain, ordinary and traffic signa • Jacobs 1966 (Great Britain, pedestrian guard rails) • Jacobs 1966 (Great Britain, pedestrian guard rails) • Jacobs and Wilson 1967 (Great Britain, ordinary and traffic signal controlled pedestrian crossings) al controlled pedestrian crossings) • Jacobs and Wilson 1967 (Great Britain, ordinary and traffic sign • Wilson and Older 1970 (Great Britain, ordinary pedestrian crossings) ngs) • Wilson and Older 1970 (Great Britain, ordinary pedestrian crossi • Jø ørgensen rgensen and and Rabani Rabani 1971 (Denmark, ordinary and traffic signal controlled pedestria 1971 (Denmark, ordinary and traffic signal controlled pedestrian crossings) n crossings) • J • Herms 1972 (USA, ordinary pedestrian crossings) • Herms 1972 (USA, ordinary pedestrian crossings) • Lalani 1977 (Great Britain, refuges on pedestrian crossings) 1977 (Great Britain, refuges on pedestrian crossings) • Lalani • Cameron and Milne 1978 (Australia, pedestrian crossings) • Cameron and Milne 1978 (Australia, pedestrian crossings) • Inwood and Grayson 1979 (Great Britain, refuges on pedestrian crossing and Grayson 1979 (Great Britain, refuges on pedestrian crossings) s) • Inwood • Engel and Krandsg Krandsgå ård rd Thomsen, 1983 (Denmark, pavement widening and raised pedestrian Thomsen, 1983 (Denmark, pavement widening and raised pedestrian crossings) crossings) • Engel and • Bagley 1985 (Great Britain, pedestrian guard rails) • Bagley 1985 (Great Britain, pedestrian guard rails) • Yagar 1986 (Canada, ordinary pedestrian crossings) 1986 (Canada, ordinary pedestrian crossings) • Yagar • Vodahl and and Gi Giæ æver ver 1986 (Norway, ordinary and traffic signal controlled pedestrian 1986 (Norway, ordinary and traffic signal controlled pedestrian crossings) crossings) • Vodahl • Yagar, , Ropret Ropret and Kaufman 1987 (Canada, ordinary pedestrian crossings) and Kaufman 1987 (Canada, ordinary pedestrian crossings) • Yagar • Boxall 1988 (Great Britain, school crossing patrols) 1988 (Great Britain, school crossing patrols) • Boxall • Ekman 1988 (Sweden, ordinary and traffic signal controlled pedestrian 1988 (Sweden, ordinary and traffic signal controlled pedestrian crossings) crossings) • Ekman • Stewart 1988 (Great Britain, pedestrian guard rails) • Stewart 1988 (Great Britain, pedestrian guard rails) • Jones and Farmer 1988 (Great Britain, raised pedestrian crossings) s) • Jones and Farmer 1988 (Great Britain, raised pedestrian crossing • Hunt and Griffiths 1989 (Great Britain, refuges on pedestrian crossings) ossings) • Hunt and Griffiths 1989 (Great Britain, refuges on pedestrian cr • Daly, McGrath and Van Emst Emst 1991 (Great Britain, pedestrian crossings) 1991 (Great Britain, pedestrian crossings) • Daly, McGrath and Van • Downing, Sayer Sayer, , Zaheer Zaheer- -Ul Ul- -Islam Islam 1993 (Pakistan, raised pedestrian crossings) 1993 (Pakistan, raised pedestrian crossings) • Downing, 4
Traffic control measures for pedestrians (I) Traffic control measures for pedestrians (I) Percentage change in the number of accidents Best 95% estimate Confidence Accident severity Types of accident affected interval Mid-block traffic signal controlled pedestrian crossings Injury accidents Pedestrian accidents -12 (-18; -4) Injury accidents Vehicle accidents -2 (-9; +5) Injury accidents All accidents -7 (-12; -2) Pedestrian crossings with mixed phases at traffic signal controlled intersections Injury accidents Pedestrian accidents +8 (-1; +17) Injury accidents Vehicle accidents -12 (-21; -3) Injury accidents All accidents -1 (-7; +6) Pedestrian crossings with separate phases at traffic signal controlled intersections Injury accidents Pedestrian accidents -29 (-40; -17) Injury accidents Vehicle accidents -18 (-27; -9) Injury accidents All accidents -22 (-29; -14) 5
Traffic control measures for pedestrians (II) Traffic control measures for pedestrians (II) Table 1: Traffic control measures for pedestrians with statistically significant effects on accidents. Percentage change in the number of accidents. (from: Elvik and Vaa, 2004). Percentage change in the number of accidents Best 95% estimate Confidence Accident severity Types of accident affected interval Pedestrian guard rails Injury accidents Pedestrian accidents -24 (-35; -11) Injury accidents Vehicle accidents -8 (-33; +27) Injury accidents All accidents -21 (-32; -9) School crossing patrols Injury accidents Pedestrian accidents -35 (-67; +30) Pavement widening at intersections or at pedestrian crossings Injury accidents All accidents -5 (-58; +117) 6
Traffic control measures for pedestrians (III) Traffic control measures for pedestrians (III) Table 1: Traffic control measures for pedestrians with statistically significant effects on accidents. Percentage change in the number of accidents. (from: Elvik and Vaa, 2004). Percentage change in the number of accidents Best 95% estimate Confidence Accident severity Types of accident affected interval Raised pedestrian crossings Injury accidents Pedestrian accidents -49 (-75; +3) Injury accidents Vehicle accidents -33 (-58; +6) Injury accidents All accidents -39 (-58; -10) Refuges on pedestrian crossings Injury accidents Pedestrian accidents -18 (-30; -3) Injury accidents Vehicle accidents -9 (-20; +3) Injury accidents All accidents -13 (-21; -3) Ordinary marked pedestrian crossings Injury accidents Pedestrian accidents +28 (+19; +39) Injury accidents Vehicle accidents +20 (+5; +38) Injury accidents All accidents +26 (+18; +35) 7
In- -depth accident study depth accident study – – 36 accidents with pedestrians 36 accidents with pedestrians In (Statens Statens vegvesen vegvesen Buskerud Buskerud, 2001) , 2001) ( • In 17 of the 36 accidents, the cause of the accident was attribu In 17 of the 36 accidents, the cause of the accident was attributed to ted to • pedestrian errors pedestrian errors • Pedestrians were hit by a car because they ran or Pedestrians were hit by a car because they ran or “ “staggered staggered” ” into into • the roadway without forewarning (!!) (!!) the roadway without forewarning • Especially dangerous in combination with darkness and Especially dangerous in combination with darkness and • obstructions of sight obstructions of sight • “ “To see a car is not the same as the driver sees me To see a car is not the same as the driver sees me” ” • In about 50% of the accidents, the pedestrian did not see the In about 50% of the accidents, the pedestrian did not see the • • vehicle. vehicle. 8
In- -depth accident study depth accident study – – 36 accidents with pedestrians 36 accidents with pedestrians In (Statens Statens vegvesen vegvesen Buskerud Buskerud, 2001) , 2001) ( • The study is too small to conclude, but some observations may be used to state some hypotheses: • Pedestrians involved in these accidents very often belonged to subgroups who are more exposed than the average Norwegian also in other contexts, i.e.: • pedestrians often were impulsive adolescents, mentally disabled, children, elderly people, intoxicated…. 9
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