Basic Concepts of Microscopy Humberto Cabrera Venezuelan Institute - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Basic Concepts of Microscopy Humberto Cabrera Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research (Venezuela) National Politechnic Institute Mexico Light: a Bridge between Earth and Space: Preparatory School Basic concepts of microscopy n

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Basic concepts of microscopy

Basic Concepts of Microscopy

Humberto Cabrera

Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research (Venezuela) National Politechnic Institute Mexico

Light: a Bridge between Earth and Space: Preparatory School

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Basic concepts of microscopy

n Introduction n Lens formula, Image formation and

Magnification

n Resolution and lens defects n Basic components and their functions n Collimators n Specialized Microscopy Techniques n Typical examples of applications

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Basic concepts of microscopy

Similar to confocal optical (fluorescence, Raman) microscope, and optical tweezers Schematic diagram of the TLM, S: sample; SS: sample stage 3-D control; M1, M2 and M3: mirrors; CH: chopper; DM: dichroic mirror; P: linear polarizer; L1, L2, L3; L4 and L5: lenses; O: focusing

  • bjective lens; PH: pinhole; F: interference filter at 632.8 nm; PD: photodiode; LA: lock-in amplifier;

PC: personal computer; EL: excitation laser; PL: probe laser.

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Basic concepts of microscopy

Microscope Components

n Ocular n Objectives n Condenser n Numerical Aperture n Refractive Index n Aberrations n Optical Filters

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Basic concepts of microscopy

Basic components and their functions

(1) Eyepiece (ocular lens) (2) Revolving nose piece (to hold multiple

  • bjective lenses)

(3) Objective lenses (4) And (5) Focus knobs (4) Coarse adjustment (5) Fine adjustment (6) Stage (to hold the specimen) (7) Light source (lamp) (8) Condenser lens and diaphragm (9) Mechanical stage (move the specimen

  • n two horizontal axes for positioning the

specimen)

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Basic concepts of microscopy

Reflection and Refraction

n Snell’s Law: The angle of

reflection (Ør) is equal to the angle of incidence (Øi) regardless of the surface material

n The angle of the transmitted

beam (Øt) is dependent upon the composition of the material

θt θi θr

Incident Beam Reflected Beam Transmitted (refracted)Beam

n1 sin Øi = n2 sin Øt The velocity of light in a material

  • f refractive index n is c/n
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Basic concepts of microscopy

Optics of a thin lens (1)

Focus d F F C C F C=2F → F d Thin Lens:

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Basic concepts of microscopy

Optics of a thin lens (2)

  • Three different scenarios:

F 2F 2F F F 2F 2F F F 2F 2F F

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Basic concepts of microscopy

Properties of thin Lenses

f

1 p + 1 q = 1 f

f

p q Magnification = q p

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Basic concepts of microscopy

The Concept of Magnification

Magnification of the Microscope

n M Microscope = M Objective X M Eyepiece X M Intermediate Factor

M = Magnification

n Example: Objective = 60 x

Eyepiece = 10 x Intermediate Factor = 1 x Overall M = 600 x

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Basic concepts of microscopy

The characteristics of objectives

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Basic concepts of microscopy

Objectives configurations

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Basic concepts of microscopy

2 thins lens separated by distance d

Lens systems and collimators (telescopes)

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Basic concepts of microscopy

If d tends to zero Exampe, if d=3 cm, then f=1.5 cm for the combined system

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Basic concepts of microscopy

Transporting system

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Basic concepts of microscopy

Afocal telescopes or collimators

If d=f1+f2, then fcomb is indefined therefore the afocal telescopes can not be represented as a single lens. There is no single lens with this behavior.

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Basic concepts of microscopy

Kepler Telescope

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Basic concepts of microscopy

Galileo Telescope

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Basic concepts of microscopy

Reflective Galileo Telescope Cassegrain telescope

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Basic concepts of microscopy

T are used to modify the eye field

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Basic concepts of microscopy

The characteristics of objectives

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Basic concepts of microscopy

Numerical Aperture (N.A.)

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Basic concepts of microscopy

Aperture diaphragm (stop) and number

  • f diaphragm

Number of diaphragm defined in image space by the margin ray

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Basic concepts of microscopy

And for conjugate points in object and image space

The number of diaphragm (ND) is inverse to the diameter of the aperture diaphragm. Then increasing ND is an slow system which need more exposure time.

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Basic concepts of microscopy

Field diaphragm and field of view (FV)

The maximal size of the object and the image is determined by the FV. Without FV there will be an extended infinite region outside in the object plane forming image in image plane.

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Basic concepts of microscopy

If the object is in infinity we can relate the FV with the magnification , then larger focal lens five higher magnification. Small ND and high FV give good flux of light but low quality image due to aberrations and the contrary high ND and low FV give quality images with low brigthness

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Basic concepts of microscopy

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Basic concepts of microscopy

Resolution

Resolving power, the limit up to which two small objects are still seen separately.

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Basic concepts of microscopy

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Basic concepts of microscopy

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Basic concepts of microscopy

Light emitted from the focal plane Light emitted from the out-of-focus region Objective lens Dichroic mirror Detector (PMT) Confocal pinhole specimen focal plane Laser light source

Laser Scanning Microscope

(Confocal System)

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Basic concepts of microscopy

Confocal Aperture

Decreasing the pinhole size rejects more out of focus light, therefore improving contrast and effective z resolution. Decreasing the pinhole will increase x,y resolution (1.3x wide field) Decreasing pinhole size decreases the amount of the Airy disk that reaches the

  • detector. This results in less light from each point being collected

Generally, collecting the diameter of 1 Airy disk is considered optimal. This collects about 85% of light from a sub-resolution point.

Limits:

Open pinhole: nearly wide field resolution (still some confocality) Closed: no image

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Basic concepts of microscopy

Confocal Aperture

ALIGNMENT OF APERTURES IS CRITICAL X, Y alignment: Different wavelengths focus at different lateral position. Lateral color aberrations can be important for multi-color imaging (multiple dyes with multiple lasers) Z alignment: Different wavelengths focus at different depths in image

  • plane. Chromatic aberrations can be important. Need well-corrected lenses
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Wide Field Confocal

Wide field versus confocal scanning

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WF vs C - Fluorescence Imaging

Confocal Wide-field Greatly reduces Out of focus blur Brighter but No sectioning

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Basic concepts of microscopy

More examples

medulla muscle pollen widefield confocal

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Basic concepts of microscopy

Schematic diagram of the TLM, S: sample; SS: sample stage 3-D control; M1, M2 and M3: mirrors; CH: chopper; DM: dichroic mirror; P: linear polarizer; L1, L2, L3; L4 and L5: lenses; O: focusing objective lens; PH: pinhole; F: interference filter at 632.8 nm; PD: photodiode; LA: lock-in amplifier; PC: personal computer; EL: excitation laser; PL: probe laser.

Thermal lens microscopy set up

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Basic concepts of microscopy

Thermal lens effect and signal

Chopper Probe beam Sample Excitation beam

( )

2 2

2 2

2

e

w r e e e

w P r I

−

= π

Filter

38

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Basic concepts of microscopy

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

[ ]

( ) ( ) ( )⎪

⎪ ⎭ ⎪ ⎪ ⎬ ⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎧ ⎥ ⎦ ⎤ ⎢ ⎣ ⎡

+ + + + + Φ = z c t t z z m z m z z c t t z z m t z S / 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 / 4 arctan , υ υ υ

e p

z L z >> >>

H Cabrera, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 23, 1408 (2006).

∞ → t

= z

; ;

∞ →

p

z

;

Physical mathematical model

p C D ρ κ / =

( ) ( )

D z z t

e c

4 /

2

ω =

( )

2 2

2 2

2

e

w r e e e

w P r I

−

= π

2 / S

  • max

Φ π =

dT dn k l P

p e

λ α = Φ0

  • H. Cabrera, Appl. Phys. Lett. 94 051103, (2009).
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Basic concepts of microscopy

Calibration curves for Cr(III) solutions in 80% water with the addition of 20% of acetonitrile in 0.5 mm cell at 407 nm for 4 and 17 mW of excitation powers .

Applications

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Lumidots: Quantum Dot Nanocrystals

CdSe/ZnS quantum dot nanocrystals

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Thanks for your attention!