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Wyddoch-Chi-Pwy Harri Potter and the Sociopragmatics of Second Person Júda Ronén <https://me.digitalwords.net/> The dynamics of person marking systems: diachrony, morphosyntax, sociopragmatics (#41807) January 2018 The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Department of Linguistics 1

Part I Introduction 2

Welsh language • Indo-European › Celtic › Brythonic › Welsh • Autoglossonym: Cymraeg [kəmˈraiɡ] • 562,000 speakers (±⅕ of the population of Wales) 1 • Grosso modo , not in the Standard Average European (SAE) Sprachbund 2 12011 census 2Martin Haspelmath (2001). “The European Linguistic Area: Standard Average European”. In: Language Typology and Language Universals / Sprachtypologie un sprachliche Universalien / La typologie des langues et les universaux linguistiques: an international handbook / ein internationales Handbuch / manuel international . Vol. 20.2. Ed. by Martin Haspelmath et al. Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft / Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. Chap. XIV.107, pp. 1492–1510. isbn: 9783110171549 3

WALS-45: Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns (world) Helmbrecht (2013) no distinction binary multiple avoidance 4

WALS-45: Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns (Europe) Helmbrecht (2013) no distinction binary multiple avoidance 5

Corpus • Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone , by J. K. Rowling, was published in 1997. • Translated into 74 languages. • Translated into Welsh in 2003 by Emily Huws, a children’s author from Caernarfon (North Wales). 6

Part II ti:chi 7

T-V distinction: relevant sociolinguistic concepts • situation (1960). The ‘T’ and ‘V’ terms were coined by R. Brown and Gilman • … • status • solidarity • social distance • respect • age • power • politeness • insult • honorifjcity • gender • familiarity • courtesy 8

T-V distinction: relevant sociolinguistic concepts • situation (1960). The ‘T’ and ‘V’ terms were coined by R. Brown and Gilman • … • status • solidarity • social distance • respect • age • power • politeness • insult • honorifjcity • gender • familiarity • courtesy 8

T-V distinction in European languages teie 2pl Russian ты ty вы vy 2pl Estonian sina 2pl tu Turkish sen siz 2pl Welsh ti chi 2pl vous French 2sg.fam (T) 3pl + capitalizing 2sg.hon (V) homonymy Early Mod. Eng. thou ye 2pl ir 2pl French tu vous 2pl German du Sie 9 Yiddish דו du איר

Etymology (cf. Gaulish * suis ) th’di < (â) thydi ‘with you (reduplicated)’ (see Willis (2013)) (â) < dissimilation Northern colloquial chdi /χtiː/ < (â) chdi 2pl.obl 2sg.nom * wos , * wēs * túh₂ < Proto-Indo-European * swīs Modern Welsh * tū < Proto-Celtic * hwi * ti < Proto-Brythonic chwi ti < Middle Welsh chi ti 10

Translation choices personal Theoretical background: Levý 1967. (non-personal) chi 2pl chi 2sg.hon chi ti 2sg.fam 2 11                   you ⇢                 

12 Illustration by Jean-Leon Huens, National Geographic Stock Dispersing light ≈ dispersing language

Loci of T-V distinction eich ti chi simple, strong ( ti ), chdi chi reduplicated (tydi) (chwychwi) conjunctive tithau chithau possessive (indep.) dy possessive (dep.) Eng. eq. ’th ’ch prepositions arnat arnoch ‘ bod ’ forms (yd)wyt (yd)ych fjnite verbs canaist, … canasoch, … (incl. imperatives cân / cana cenwch / canwch ) simple, weak 13 you, … locus ti chi                                  � ∅

Number of occurrences yours 1393 1 yerselves 2 yerself 5 yourselves 8 14 you yourself 60 yer 121 yeh 148 your 1034 14

Tagging examples 15

Mapping interpersonal relationships Filch Dumbledore McGonagall ti Filch Harry ti Filch Peeves chi Snape Harry ti Firenze Bane chi Firenze Harry ti Firenze Harry ti Dumbledore 16 ti chi Doris Crockford Harry ti Draco Harry chi Draco McGonagall Draco ti Neville ti Draco Ron ti Dudley Harry ti Dumbledore Hagrid ⋮ ⋮

1 Change in address form 2 Unknown / non-specifjc addressee 3 Age and status

Ex. 1: ’dach chi ?’ ch. 4 (The Keeper of the Keys) , p. 40/37 Thiroedd Hogwarts.’ Hagrid, Ceidwad Allweddi a ’nghyfmwyno fy hun. Rubeus ‘Digon gwir, dwi ddim wedi at Hogwarts.’ Keeper of Keys and Grounds Hagrid, Rubeus meself. ‘True, I haven’t introduced Chwarddodd y cawr. The giant chuckled. sg.hon a ddywedodd o oedd, ‘Pwy goll ar y ffordd i’w geg, a’r hyn olch, ond aeth y geiriau ar Bwriadai ddweud di- cawr. Edrychodd Harri i fyny ar y you ?’ he said instead was, ‘Who are way to his mouth, and what but the words got lost on the He meant to say thank you, Harry looked up at the giant. (A) 17 Harry → Hagrid

Ex. 2: ddigwyddodd ch. 4 (The Keeper of the Keys) , p. 46/44 dwl?’ Wyddost-Ti -Pwy, dwi’n fed- sg.fam — i gen ddrwg — Vol i beth ‘Ond Who?’ ‘But what happened to Vol– cannoedd ohonyn nhw. Harri gwestiynau i’w gofyn, roedd gan Yn y cyfamser, them. questions to ask, hundreds of Harry, meanwhile, still had (B) 18 Harry → Hagrid sorry – I mean, You -Know-

Ex. 3: sg.hon contact, and Snape wasn’t blinking at all, I saw him!’ ‘Dwi’n nabod melltith pan wela i un, Hagrid. Dwi wedi darllen amdanyn nhw! Mae’n rhaid ichi ‘I know a jinx when I see one, gadw cyswllt llygad, a doedd amrannau Sneip ddim yn symud o gwbl. Welais i o!’ ch. 11 (Quidditch) , p. 141/151 Hagrid, I’ve read all about ei meddwl ynghylch Sneip. 19 have (A) The afternoon’s events certainly seemed to changed pnawn yn amlwg wedi newid her mind about Snape. Roedd digwyddiadau’r Hermione → Hagrid them! You ’ve got to keep eye

Ex. 4: sg.fam wyt ti ddim isio dweud wrthon ni, ond sg.fam rwyt ti ’n gwybod. Rwyt ti ’n gwybod nad popeth sy’n digwydd yn y lle yma,’ meddai Hermione, a’i llais yn fêl i gyd. Sbon- ciodd barf Hagrid. Roedd yn ddigon hawdd dweud ei fod yn gwenu. ch. 14 (Norbert the Norwegian Ridgeback) , p. 169/184 sg.fam ’laen, Hagrid, ella 20 warm, fmattering voice. (B) ‘Oh, come on, Hagrid, you might not want to tell us, but you do know, you know ev- erything that goes on round here,’ said Hermione in a Ha- ty’d grid’s beard twitched and they could tell he was smil- ing. ‘O, sg.fam Hermione → Hagrid

Ex. 5: sg.hon ch. 4 (The Keeper of the Keys) , p. 40/37 gyfraith!’ Rydych chi ’n torri’r sg.hon meddai. ‘ chi ’n gadael ar unwaith!’ sg.hon bod eich mynnu ‘Dwi’n breaking and entering!’ once, sir!’ he said. ‘ You are crafu rhyfedd. Gwnaeth Yncl Vernon sŵn rasping noise. Uncle Vernon made a funny (A) 21 Vernon → Hagrid ‘I demand that you leave at

Ex. 6: sg.fam hyd i’w lais. ‘Stop!’ he commanded. ‘Stop tell the boy anything!’ ‘ Taw !’ gorchmynnodd. ‘ his voice. sg.fam Taw ’r munud yma! sg.fam Paid â meiddio dweud dim byd wrth yr hogyn!’ ch. 4 (The Keeper of the Keys) , p. 41/39 Yn sydyn cafodd Yncl Vernon Uncle Vernon suddenly found meddai o’r diwedd. ‘What? My – my mum and dad (B) ‘But yeh must know about yer mum and dad,’ he said. ‘I mean, they’re famous. You’re famous.’ ‘Ond ma’n rhaid dy fod ti’n gw- bod rwbath am dy fam a dy dad,’ meddai. ‘Hynny ydi, ma’n nhw’n enwog . Rwyt ti’n enwog.’ weren’t famous, were they?’ ‘Be? Doedd — fy mam a ’nhad i ddim yn enwog, oedden nhw?’ […] […] ‘Yeh don’ know what yeh are?’ he said fjnally. ‘Wyddost ti ddim be wyt ti?’ 22 Vernon → Hagrid right there, sir! I forbid you to

Ex. 7: sg.hon had better get back to Hagrid. The Forest is not safe at this time — especially for you . Can you ride? It will be quicker this way. ‘Harri Potter sg.hon ydych chi ,’ meddai, ‘Well ichi fynd yn ôl at Hagrid. Dydi’r Goed- ar y graith ddulas, gleisiog ar ei dalcen. wig ddim yn ddiogel ar yr adeg yma — yn arbennig i sg.hon chi . sg.hon Fedrwch chi far- chogaeth? Bydd yn gyfmymach fel hyn. ch. 15 (The Forbidden Forest) , p. 187/203 ‘ You are the Potter boy,’ he said. ‘ You fjr gwelw, a chraffodd ar Harri, gan oedi 23 ganddo lygaid gleision syfrdanol, fel saf- said the centaur, pulling Harry to his feet. ‘ sg.fam Wyt ti ’n iawn?’ gofynnodd y dynfarch, gan godi Harri ar ei draed. ‘Ydw — diolch — be oedd hwnna?’ (A+B) The centaur didn’t answer. He had as- tonishingly blue eyes, like pale sap- phires. He looked carefully at Harry, his eyes lingering on the scar which stood out, livid, on Harry’s forehead. Atebodd y dynfarch ddim. Roedd ‘Are you all right?’ Firenze → Harry ‘Yes — thank you — what was that?’

1 Change in address form 2 Unknown / non-specifjc addressee Who’s there? In-book written addressing of unknown readers Narrative techniques 3 Age and status