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Mar 06, 2023 1.05k likes •1.5k views

The Kalina power plant in Husavik - why Kalina and what has been learned Electricity generation from Enhanced Geothermal Systems 14.-16. September in Strasbourg Professor Dr Pll Valdimarsson UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

The Kalina power plant in Husavik

  • why Kalina and what has been learned

Electricity generation from Enhanced Geothermal Systems 14.-16. September in Strasbourg

Professor Dr Páll Valdimarsson

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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Geothermal Dual Usage

  • Electricity Generation
  • Hot Water for Space Heating and:

– Horticulture – Health and Fitness – Industrial – Thermophilic enzymes – Fish Farming – Tourist Attractions

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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 PJ

Relative consumption

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Hydropower

Geothermal Oil

Coal Peat

Hydropower Geothermal Oil Coal

Primary energy consumption in Iceland 1940-2003

18 % 56 % 23 % 3 %

Primary energy consumption 138.2 PJ

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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

The cycles

  • Flash

– Bjarnarflag (backpressure), Nesjavellir

  • Double flash

– Krafla, Svartsengi

  • ORC

– Svartsengi

  • Kalina

– Husavik

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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Country Dry Steam 1-Flash 2-Flash 3-Flash Binary FIash- Binary Hybrid Total USA 27 3 28 1 117 10 1 187 Philippines 36 10 6 5 57 Mexico 29 5 3 37 Italy 31 1 1 33 New Zealand 1 2 9 4 3 14 33 Japan 1 16 3 2 22 Iceland 7 2 8 17 Indonesia 3 12 15 China 2 10 1 13 Guatemala 1 7 8 Kenya 5 1 2 8 Russia 8 8 Costa Rica 4 2 6 El Salvador 4 1 5 Azores 1 4 5 Nicaragua 2 2 4 Austria 2 2 Guadaloupe 2 2 Turkey 1 1 Australia 1 1 Germany 1 1 Papua 1 1 Thailand 1 1

Total 63 135 70 5 155 38 1 467 Percent of total 13,5% 28,9% 15,0% 1,1% 33,2% 8,1% 0,2% 100,0% Table A.3 Geothermal power plants: by number of units for each type of plant.

From DiPippo

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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Degrees of freedom

  • A binary power plant has around 25-30

design parameters for the thermal design

  • The power plant design has to be
  • ptimized for each application
  • The performance criteria have to be

carefully selected

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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Efficiency and geothermal power

  • Fixed mass flow
  • Efficiency and effectiveness
  • Efficiency alone is not a quality measure
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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Efficiencies

  • Total efficiency
  • Power plant thermal efficiency
  • Effectiveness

– Income is proportional to produced net power – Little cooling of the geothermal fluid means high power plant efficiency and low cooling efficiency – ... High power plant efficiency can result in low income!!!

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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Tc,1 = 10 [° C] Tc,2 = 20 [° C] Th,1 = 120 [° C] Th,2 = 80 [° C] mh = 150 [kg/s] Qin = 25271 [kW] Qout = 19529 [kW] Wrev = 5742 [kW] η η η ηth,rev = 22,72 [%]

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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Tc,1 = 10 [° C] Tc,2 = 20 [° C] Th,1 = 120 [° C] Th,2 = 40 [° C] mh = 150 [kg/s] Qin = 50340 [kW] Qout = 41235 [kW] Wrev = 9105 [kW] η η η ηth,rev = 18,09 [%]

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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Exergy flow

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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 Temperature [° C] Enthalpy [kJ/kg] Water Kalina ORC 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 Temperature [° C] Enthalpy [kJ/kg] Water Kalina ORC

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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

The cycles again...SF

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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

ORC

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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Kalina

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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Regeneration

  • Serves to increase power if geothermal

return temperature is limited

  • Cycle without regeneration will have

more power if there is not any temperature limit

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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

60 65 70 75 80 85 90 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400

Ts2 [° C] Wgen [kW]

More regeneration

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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Steam vs ORC vs Kalina

  • Steam requires high temperature and

geothermal fluid separation

  • Kalina is better fit for liquid water at

lower temperatures

  • ORC is better at moderate temperatures

and partial steam

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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Price comparison, ORC vs Kalina

  • Turbine cost ORC higher, Kal lower
  • Pressure class Kal higher; ORC lower
  • Piping material Similar
  • Piping dimensions ORC larger, Kal smaller
  • Fluid safety measures Similar
  • Heat exchanger area ORC larger, Kal smaller
  • Parasitic loss ???
  • Process complexity ???
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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Example

  • Study of the technical possibilities
  • No economic considerations
  • No regeneration
  • 150 kg/s geothermal water source
  • 10°

C to 20° C cooling water

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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Maximum power [kW]

5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000

110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200

Temperature [° C] Generator power [kW]

SF ORC Kal-70bar Kal-40bar Ideal

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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Maximum power [kW]

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

110 120 130 140 150 160

Temperature [° C] Generator power [kW] SF ORC Kal-70bar Kal-40bar

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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Power vs efficiency

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 7% 9% 11 % 13 % 15 % 17 % 19 %

Efficiency Power [kW]

ORC Kal-70bar Kal-40bar

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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Source vs return temperature

20 40 60 80 100 120 140

110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200

Source temperature [° C] Return temperature [° C]

SF ORC Kal-70bar Kal-40bar

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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Húsavík

In 2000 a 2 MWe binary plant started

  • peration.

Uses 125 ° C geothermal water, cooled to 80° C, then used for district heating. Provides 80% of electrical demand of the town.

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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Total Well Concept

  • Electricity
  • Space Heating
  • Industrial
  • Recreational
  • Health and Fitness
  • Horticulture
  • Fish Farming
  • Tourist Attractions
  • Molecular & Biochemical

Research

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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Husavík – block diagram

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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Húsavík electricity production

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Year Produced electricity [GWh]

Series2 Series3

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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Mayor problem areas

  • Startup problems related to original

design, especially separator

  • A single water quality incident
  • The much publicized turbine corrosion
  • What else ???
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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

Experience

  • Experience is obtained by making

mistakes and learning from them

  • Kalina 5 years experience
  • ORC 20 years experience
  • Steam 40 years experience
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UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

25 kg/s 160° C 80° C 121° C 95 kg/s 80° C 5° C 200 kg/s Aquaculture To district heating 2,5 MW 5° C Emergency cooler Brunavatn Power plant Incinerator Kalina 100 l/s

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