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Oxy Oxy- -Combustion for Coal Fired Power Plant Combustion for Coal Fired Power Plant with CO with CO 2 Capture with CO with CO 2 Capture Capture Capture Review of the Past 20 Years of R&D Activities Review of the Past 20 Years of

slide-1
SLIDE 1

Oxy Oxy-

  • Combustion for Coal Fired Power Plant

Combustion for Coal Fired Power Plant with CO with CO2 Capture Capture with CO with CO2 Capture Capture

Review of the Past 20 Years of R&D Activities Review of the Past 20 Years of R&D Activities What are the Different Technical Issues and Challenges to Its Development What are the Different Technical Issues and Challenges to Its Development

By

Stanley Santos

IEA G h G R&D P IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme Cheltenham, UK http://www.ieagreen.org.uk

*Corresponding Author’s Email: stanley@ieaghg.org

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SLIDE 2

Presentation Outline Presentation Outline

IEA G h G R&D P

  • IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme

○ Introduction to IEAGHG and its activities.

  • Introduction to Oxy-Coal Combustion with CO2 Capture in

Introduction to Oxy Coal Combustion with CO2 Capture in Power Generation

○ General overview of the Oxy-Combustion ○ Historical perspective in development of oxy-coal combustion with

CCS for application in power generation

○ Technical considerations and issues in the development of oxy-coal

p y combustion with CCS in the perspective of power generation (retrofit

  • r new built power plants)
  • Concluding Remarks

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 2

Concluding Remarks

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SLIDE 3

I t d ti t I t d ti t Introduction to Introduction to IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEAGHG) (IEAGHG) (IEAGHG) (IEAGHG)

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk

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SLIDE 4

Introduction to IEAGHG Introduction to IEAGHG

  • The IEA (Legal) Framework:
  • The IEA (Legal) Framework:

○ Common rules for participation in IEA Implementing Agreements (IA); ○ Some 40 of these IA are listed at http://www.iea.org ○ Participants can be:

Contracting Parties (intergovernmental organisations, countries or

designated representatives) g p )

Sponsors (private sector enterprises not designated by a government)

○ IEA GHG is an IA in which the Participants contributing to a common

fund to finance the activities. fund to finance the activities.

Funding is approximately 2 million US$/year. http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 4

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SLIDE 5

Current Membership Current Membership

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 5

The Programme is supported by 17 governments, EC and 17 sponsors

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SLIDE 6

Introduction to IEAGHG Introduction to IEAGHG

  • A collaborative research programme which started

in 1991 It i l i t l t t h l i th t

  • Its main role is to evaluate technologies that can

reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

  • The Programme’s Objective:

To provide members with definitive information To provide members with definitive information

  • n the role that technology can play in reducing

greenhouse gas emissions

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 6

g g

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SLIDE 7

Activities of IEAGHG Activities of IEAGHG

What does the Programme do now? What does the Programme do now?

  • New 5-year phase started in 2005:

○ 3 Main activities:

Generate technology and market information Confidence building Information dissemination Information dissemination

○ Aimed at answering:

How do mitigation options compare?

g p p

Can the option be done safely and legally? What needs to be done to introduce the mitigation

  • ption and be confident it will be successful?

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 7

  • ption and be confident it will be successful?
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SLIDE 8

IEAGHG Activities IEAGHG Activities

  • This IA has been operating for 15 years.
  • IEAGHG has:

○ Accumulated >100 studies covering carbon capture

and storage (CCS), other mitigation technologies, and storage (CCS), other mitigation technologies, and alternative energy carriers.

○ Succeeded in establishing CCS as a mitigation

Succeeded in establishing CCS as a mitigation

  • ption capable of major reductions in the

emission of CO2 to atmosphere.

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 8

p

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SLIDE 9

IEAGHG IEAGHG -

  • Completed Studies

Completed Studies

  • In the previous year some of the member’s studies completed

In the previous year, some of the member s studies completed, include:

○ Comparison of power plants with CO2 capture technologies ○ CO2 capture at low rank coal power plants ○ CO2 capture at low rank coal power plants ○ Near-zero emission power plants ○ Environmental assessment for CO2 capture and storage ○ Permitting issues for CO2 capture and storage ○ Permitting issues for CO2 capture and storage ○ Cost and capacity for CO2 storage in Europe and N America ○ Monitoring requirements for CCS ○ Safe storage of CO2 – analogies with the natural gas industry

Safe storage of CO2 analogies with the natural gas industry

○ Use of CDM for CCS ○ More than 100 studies completed . . .

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 9

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SLIDE 10

IEAGHG Studies (cont’d) IEAGHG Studies (cont’d)

  • For 2007

IEAGHG will be releasing the following member’s For 2007, IEAGHG will be releasing the following member s studies:

○ Report on Capture Ready Plant

Work done in cooperation with IEA under task required by the Work done in cooperation with IEA under task required by the

Gleneagles G8 meeting

○ Techno-economic evaluation of co-production of hydrogen and

electricity with carbon capture

○ CO2 capture in the cement industry ○ Many others…

  • Full Listing of our studies – please contact us at

g p mail@ieaghg.org

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 10

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SLIDE 11

IEAGHG Research Network IEAGHG Research Network

  • Objectives
  • Objectives

○ To provide an avenue for discussion on specific issues toward

development of CCS and support any confidence building activities

○ http://www.co2captureandstorage.info/networks/networks.htm

p p g

  • IEAGHG manages 6 Research Networks

○ International CO2 Capture Network

p

○ International Oxy-Combustion Network ○ Biofixation Network ○ Monitoring Network ○ Risk Assessment Network ○ Well Bore Integrity Network

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 11

Participants from 2nd Oxy-Combustion Workshop (CT, USA – Jan. 2007)

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SLIDE 12

GHGT Conference Series GHGT Conference Series

  • IEA GHG is the guardian of the
  • IEA GHG is the guardian of the

GHGT conference series

  • Latest GHGT-8 held in Trondheim,

Nor a attracted more than 950 Norway attracted more than 950 delegates

  • Premier international conference on

h t l t h l greenhouse gas control technology

  • Next conference (GHGT-9) will be

held at Washington D.C. USA - November 2008

○

http://mit.edu/ghgt9/

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 12

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SLIDE 13

Communication & Information Dissemination Communication & Information Dissemination Quarterly newsletter Topical Reports Topical Reports

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 13

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SLIDE 14

Oxy Oxy-

  • Combustion Application in the Industry

Combustion Application in the Industry (General Overview) (General Overview)

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk

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SLIDE 15

Development of Oxy Development of Oxy-

  • Fuel Combustion Application in Industry

Fuel Combustion Application in Industry

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 15

Adapted from slide of Sho Kobayashi, Praxair Pictures from IFRF, Air Liqiude, Asahi Glass, Linde Gas

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SLIDE 16

Oxy Oxy-

  • Combustion with CO

Combustion with CO2 Capture for Capture for Coal Fired Power Station Coal Fired Power Station

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk

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SLIDE 17

Historical Perspective (1980 Historical Perspective (1980 – – 2000) 2000)

  • 1982: Initial suggestion by Abraham et. al. (1982) of using Oxy-Coal Combustion to

produce CO2 for EOR

○

1st public document looking at capturing CO2 from flue gas using oxy-combustion.

  • As early as 1978 – economic feasibility of oxy-coal combustion was investigated for

EOR li ti (H F B b k & Wil / A W l k ANL) EOR application (H. Farzan, Babcock & Wilcox / A. Wolsky, ANL)

  • 5 major pilot scale studies between 1980 - 2000

○

ANL Research Programme

B tt ll (115 kW)

  • Battelle (115 kW)
  • EERC (3 MW)

○

EU – IFRF

  • IFRF (2.5 MW)
  • MBEL – Air Products – Naples & Ulster University (150 kW)
  • International Combustion – Imperial College – EDP – IST (150kW & 35MW)

○

NEDO – IHI (1.2 MW) CANMET (300 kW)

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk

○

CANMET (300 kW)

○

US DOE – B&W / Air Liquide (1.2 MW)

17

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SLIDE 18

ANL ANL -

  • EERC Study

EERC Study World’s 1st Oxy World’s 1st Oxy-

  • Coal Industrial Pilot Scale Study

Coal Industrial Pilot Scale Study ( ) ( ) Tower Furnace (~ 3MWth) Tower Furnace (~ 3MWth)

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 18

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SLIDE 19

Oxy Oxy-

  • Coal / Fuel Oil Combustion Boiler Projects

Coal / Fuel Oil Combustion Boiler Projects

(1 (1 MWe MWe = 3 = 3 MWt MWt = 10 = 10 MMBtu MMBtu/hr) /hr)

1000 0 1000 0

300.0

100 0 1000.0

SASK Power

Utility B il

300.0

100 0 1000.0

SASK Power

Utility B il

11.7 20.0 10.0 10.0 25.0 30.0

10.0 100.0 MWe

International Combustion Vattenfall CS Energy TOTAL DOOSAN-Babcock Jupiter J it

Boilers

11.7 20.0 10.0 10.0 25.0 30.0

10.0 100.0 MWe

International Combustion Vattenfall CS Energy TOTAL DOOSAN-Babcock Jupiter J it

Boilers

1.0 0 5 1.0 4.0 5.0 1.0 1.7

1.0 M

ANL/EERC JSIM/NEDO IFRF B&W/AL Jupiter CIEMAT ENEL

Industrial Furnaces

1.0 0 5 1.0 4.0 5.0 1.0 1.7

1.0 M

ANL/EERC JSIM/NEDO IFRF B&W/AL Jupiter CIEMAT ENEL

Industrial Furnaces

0.2 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2

0.1 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

ANL/BHP IHI B&W/AL CANMET PowerGen IVD-Stuttgart RWE-NPOWER

Test Furnaces

0.2 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2

0.1 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

ANL/BHP IHI B&W/AL CANMET PowerGen IVD-Stuttgart RWE-NPOWER

Test Furnaces

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 19

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Year 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Year

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SLIDE 20

Oxy Oxy-

  • Coal Combustion Technology

Coal Combustion Technology

  • “Oxy-Combustion” – is the use of oxygen instead of air for

burning of fuel.

○ this technology is the least mature among the 3 mostly considered ○ this technology is the least mature among the 3 mostly considered

capture technology options for the power generation.

○ For boiler application, part of the flue gas is recycled to reduce flame

temperature temperature.

  • 3 main development issues

○ Boiler and burner development (“design issues”)

p ( g )

○ Air Separation Unit – “Cost and capacity of oxygen production” ○ CO2 processing – “Removal of impurities”

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 20

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SLIDE 21

Oxy Oxy-

  • Coal Combustion Technology

Coal Combustion Technology

Air separation

Air Oxygen Vent Recycled flue gas Fuel

Boiler

Purification/ compression

Cooling (+FGD)

CO2 Power

Steam

Steam

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 21

Power

turbine

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SLIDE 22

COAL HP ADVANCED HP HEATER MILL STACK (START UP) ADVANCED SUPERCRITICAL BOILER ID FAN DEAERATOR IP HP PUMP

ESP

LP CONDENSOR FGD LP HEATER COLD FD FAN LP PUMP

AIR IN

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 22

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SLIDE 23

Convective Section of the boiler h t t f fil B d i i

MILL STA CK (STA RT COA L HP A DVA NCED SUPERCRITICA L BOILER

  • heat transfer profile
  • ash deposition and fouling issue

Burner design issue

  • Ignition
  • flame stability
  • devolatilisation & char burnout

HP HEAT ER (STA RT UP) IP ID FA N DEA ERA T OR

Radiant Section of the Boiler

  • heat transfer profile

l i i

HP PUM P

ESP

LP FGD

  • slagging issue
  • fireside corrosion issue

Prior to any retrofit of carbon capture

LP HEAT ER CONDENSOR COLD FD FA N LP PUM P

Prior to any retrofit of carbon capture technology, it is essential to repower the plant in order to achieve the highest possible efficiency

23

PUM P

A IR IN

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SLIDE 24

COAL HP HP HEATER MILL

3

STACK (START UP) NITROGEN AIR ASU ADVANCED SUPERCRITICAL BOILER HP

4

ID FAN DEAERATOR IP OXYGEN

2

HP PUMP

4

ESP

FD / RECYCLE FAN GAS LP SECONDARY RECYCLE PRIMARY RECYCLE

Gas / Gas Heater

LP HEATER GAS DRIER AIR INTAKE START UP / GAS CONDENSOR COLD PA FAN LP 1 - IP STEAM BLEED 2 - HEAT FROM ASU ADIABATIC MAC 3 - CO2 COMPRESSOR STAGE HEAT 4 – FLUE GAS FEEDWATER HEATING PUMP GAS COOLER & WATER REMOVAL CO2 PRODUCT FOR COMPRESSION

1 2 3 4 3 4

CO2 PURIFICATION INERTS

3

24

REMOVAL INERTS

3

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SLIDE 25

BFW BFW System Steam turbines

Balance fed direct to burner

Boiler

270º C

Maximum 23% Oxygen!!

340º C

Boiler

ESP

105º C

Hex

ASU

Secondary CO2 Recycle

Coal Mill

330º C

Primary CO2 Recycle y y Cool & dry CO d t

250º C

25

CO2 product

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SLIDE 26

Oxy Oxy Coal Combustion Coal Combustion Oxy Oxy-Coal Combustion Coal Combustion Technology Development Technology Development (Burner and Boiler) (Burner and Boiler) (Burner and Boiler) (Burner and Boiler)

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk

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SLIDE 27

Composition of the Comburent Through the Burner Throat (Secondary Air) Composition of the Comburent Through the Burner Throat (Secondary Air) (Babcock and Wilcox) (Babcock and Wilcox)

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 27

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SLIDE 28

Composition of Flue Gas Composition of Flue Gas (Babcock and Wilcox) (Babcock and Wilcox) ( ) ( )

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 28

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SLIDE 29

Gas compositions (omitting non Gas compositions (omitting non-

  • condensables)

condensables) and volumes for bituminous coal fired with air and oxygen and volumes for bituminous coal fired with air and oxygen (Courtesy of Prof. Adel Sarofim (Courtesy of Prof. Adel Sarofim – – University of Utah) University of Utah)

Air Firing Oxy-Firing g y g

CO2 17 % by volume 64% H2O 8.9% 34% NO 2770xCR* ppm 10 700xCR* ppm NOx 2770xCR ppm 10,700xCR ppm SOx 2470 ppm 9400 ppm Moles 1 0.26

CR* = fractional conversion of coal nitrogen to NOx

+ Bituminous Coal Empirical Formula (CH1.1O0.2N0.017S0.015)

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SLIDE 30

Recyled Flue Gas Ratio Recyled Flue Gas Ratio Recyled Flue Gas Ratio Recyled Flue Gas Ratio Impact to the Flame Properties Impact to the Flame Properties

RFG

m m m R + =

RFG PFG

m m +

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk

slide-31
SLIDE 31

Adiabatic Flame Temperature and Flue Gas Volume as Adiabatic Flame Temperature and Flue Gas Volume as Compared to Recycle Ratio Compared to Recycle Ratio

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 31

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SLIDE 32

Optimum Recycle Ratio Optimum Recycle Ratio

Critical factors that may affect on these values:

○ Amount water in the recycle flue gas ○ Amount of air in leakage (Air Ingress)

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 32

○ Amount of air in-leakage (Air Ingress)

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SLIDE 33

Flame Description Flame Description – – Impact of Recycle Ratio Impact of Recycle Ratio

(Courtesy of IFRF) (Courtesy of IFRF)

Figure 3(a): normal air-fired operation Figure 3(b): O2-RFG flame with recycle ratio = 0.58 Figure 3(c): O2-RFG flame with recycle ratio = 0.76 Figure 3(d): O2-RFG flame with recycle ratio = 0.52

slide-34
SLIDE 34

Coal Flame Photos: Coal Flame Photos: Coal Flame Photos: Coal Flame Photos: Air Fired vs Oxy Air Fired vs Oxy-

  • Fired

Fired (Courtesy of IHI) (Courtesy of IHI)

Air mode（O2：21%） http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 34 Oxy mode（O2：21%） Oxy mode（O2：30%）

slide-35
SLIDE 35

Coal Flame Photos: Coal Flame Photos: Impact of Recycled Flue Gas Impact of Recycled Flue Gas Impact of Recycled Flue Gas Impact of Recycled Flue Gas (Courtesy of IFRF) (Courtesy of IFRF)

Recycle Ratio = 0.76 Recycle Ratio = 0.58 (~ 0.61 include the CO2 to transport coal)

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 35

( 0.61 include the CO2 to transport coal)

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SLIDE 36

Ratio of Convective Heat Transfer Coef Ratio of Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient

ficient (Courtesy of IFRF) (Courtesy of IFRF)

⎟ ⎞ ⎜ ⎛ ⎟ ⎞ ⎜ ⎛ ⎟ ⎞ ⎜ ⎛

3 1

Pr Re k h

n

⎟ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛ ⎟ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛ ⎟ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ ⎛ =

1 1 1 1

Pr Pr Re Re k k h h

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 36

Effect of Recycle Ratio on Convective heat transfer coefficient [IFRF APG1 Trials]

slide-37
SLIDE 37

Radiative Radiative Heat Flux Heat Flux Measurements Measurements (Courtesy of IFRF) (Courtesy of IFRF) ( y ) ( y )

Ellipsoidal Radiometer Results were also

  • btained by:
  • ANL-EERC
  • CANMET

Data from Narrow Angle Radiometer is necessary for radiation modelling development

Radiative Flux Using Ellipsoidal Radiometer in Air (Baseline) and O /RFG (Flames B with recycle ratio = 0 73

p Knowledge gap is in the radiation factor contribution of solid

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 37 (Baseline) and O2/RFG (Flames B with recycle ratio = 0.73 and Flame C with recycle ratio = 0.58) – IFRF APG2 Trials

contribution of solid particles in the furnace

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SLIDE 38

Issue of Air Ingress (Air In Issue of Air Ingress (Air In-

  • leakage)

leakage) 1st

st Large Scale Demonstration of Oxy

Large Scale Demonstration of Oxy-

  • Coal Combustion (35MWth)

Coal Combustion (35MWth) – What Are the Lesson Learned... What Are the Lesson Learned...

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk

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SLIDE 39

Problem with Air Ingress Problem with Air Ingress

1st

st Large Scale Oxy

Large Scale Oxy-Coal Combustion Coal Combustion 1 Large Scale Oxy Large Scale Oxy Coal Combustion Coal Combustion Burner Test Experience Burner Test Experience -

  • International Combustion Ltd.

International Combustion Ltd.

30 MWth Low NOx burner Because of Air Ingress the desired CO2 composition (only ~ 28% dry basis). 1% of air ingress ~ 4% decrease in CO2 composition. the combustion trial gained significant

39

experience in burner start up

slide-40
SLIDE 40

Oxy Oxy-

  • Combustion: KEY ISSUES

Combustion: KEY ISSUES

SO issue is a big

  • SO3 issue is a big

missing link!

  • ANL study (1985) have

ANL study (1985) have indicated that SO3 formation is 3 to 4 times t d t greater as compared to conventional air – firing mode

  • We need to know more

about this potential

From Chemical Engineering Progress (Vol. 70) http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 40

  • perational issue.

g g g ( )

slide-41
SLIDE 41

Key Challenges Ahead… Key Challenges Ahead…

  • Boiler and burner issues

Boiler and burner issues

○ coal properties

devolatilisation and ignition properties char burnout (reactivity) slagging, fouling and ash deposition pollutant emission pollutant emission

○ how to deal with air In-leakage ○ boiler materials in relation to corrosion.

boiler materials in relation to corrosion.

○ safety issue particularly in handling oxygen

  • Large scale demonstration of oxy-coal combustion

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk

a ge sca e de

  • st at o
  • o y coa co

bust o process

41

slide-42
SLIDE 42

Oxy Oxy Coal Combustion Coal Combustion Oxy Oxy-Coal Combustion Coal Combustion Technology Development Technology Development (ASU / Oxygen Production) (ASU / Oxygen Production) (ASU / Oxygen Production) (ASU / Oxygen Production)

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk

slide-43
SLIDE 43

Air Separation Unit Air Separation Unit

For 500 MWe (Net Output) – You will require ~10,500 t/d of oxygen! N O

Cold liquid air

N2 O2 Air HP MP LP

reflux by reboil Cold gaseous air reflux

5 barg

reflux by reboil reboil

3.5 barg

slide-44
SLIDE 44

Process Description: Oxygen supply Process Description: Oxygen supply

  • Two levels of air compression (saves power)
  • Oxygen production in HP/MP/LP 3 column system

○ power reduced to 201kwh/ton

  • Optimum oxygen purity suggested:

○ 95% ○ higher purity not worthwhile due to:

Excess O2 requirement (19%) Boiler air in leakage (1%) ESP air in leakage (2%)

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk

ESP air in leakage (2%)

44

slide-45
SLIDE 45

Issues involving ASU Issues involving ASU

  • World’s Largest ASU

○ South Africa (operated by Air Liquide) ~ 5000 TPD ○ Mexico (operated by BOC/Linde – N2 production) ~3 -

4000 TPD

O i i f i d t i l d ith d t

  • Opinion of industrial gas producers with regard to

development of very large scale ASU vs. development of novel oxygen production development of novel oxygen production.

  • Debate with regard to multiple ASU trains vs single

large scale ASU train

  • peration flexibility issue!

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk

large scale ASU train – operation flexibility issue!

45

slide-46
SLIDE 46

Oxy Oxy Coal Combustion Coal Combustion Oxy Oxy-Coal Combustion Coal Combustion Technology Development Technology Development (CO2 Purification and Compression) (CO2 Purification and Compression) (CO2 Purification and Compression) (CO2 Purification and Compression)

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk

slide-47
SLIDE 47

Purification of Purification of Oxyfuel Oxyfuel-

  • Derived CO2 for

Derived CO2 for Sequestration or EOR Sequestration or EOR

  • CO2 produced from oxyfuel requires purification

○ Cooling to remove water ○ Inerts removal ○ Compression

  • Current design has limitations

○ SOx/NOx removal ○ Oxygen removal ○ Recovery limited by phase separation

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk

  • Necessary to define CO2 quality requirement!!!
slide-48
SLIDE 48

CO2 Compression and Purification System – Inerts removal and compression to 110 bar

Flue Gas Expander Aluminium plate/fin exchanger Flue Gas Heater Flue Gas Vent 1.1 bar 20°C 20°C 25% CO2 75% inerts

  • 55°C

Driers inerts CO2 product 110 bar 110 bar 96% CO2 4% Inerts

  • 60°C dp

48

30 bar Raw CO2 Saturated 30°C 76% CO2 24% Inerts p

slide-49
SLIDE 49

CO2 Purity and Recovery

  • 55°C is as cold as we can make the phase separation

CO2 purity depends on pressure – At 30 bar and -55°C, CO2 purity is 95% – Higher pressure gives lower purity CO2 Higher pressure gives lower purity CO2 CO2 recovery depends on pressure – Lower pressure gives lower CO2 recovery At 15 b d 55°C CO i 75% – At 15 bar and -55°C, CO2 recovery is 75% – At 30 bar and -55°C, CO2 recovery is 90% CO2 recovery depends on feed composition CO2 recovery depends on feed composition – Increases from zero at 25mol% to 90% at 75mol% – Reducing air ingress increases CO2 capture rate

49

slide-50
SLIDE 50

CO2 Purity Issues

Basic Design Case EOR Case H2O < 500 ppm CO2 > 90% mol < 50 ppm > 90% mol SO2 From H&MB NO From H&MB O < 4% mol < 50 ppm From H&MB 100 ppm O2 < 4% mol Ar + N2 + O2 < 4% mol

  • R

l ti di h d ff h di l

100 ppm < 4% mol

  • Regulations regarding onshore and off-shore disposal are

being drafted world-wide

  • Co-disposal of other wastes (NOx, SOx, Hg) is a sensitive

issue

50

issue

  • Important that the CO2 can be purified for disposal or EOR
slide-51
SLIDE 51

NOx SO2 Reactions in the CO2 Compression System Compression System

  • We realised that SO2, NOx and Hg can be removed in the CO2

compression process, in the presence of water and oxygen. compression process, in the presence of water and oxygen.

  • SO2 is converted to Sulphuric Acid, NO2 converted to Nitric

Acid: – NO + ½ O2 = NO2 (1) Slow – 2 NO2 = N2O4 (2) Fast – 2 NO2 + H2O = HNO2 + HNO3 (3) Slow – 3 HNO2 = HNO3 + 2 NO + H2O (4) Fast NO + SO = NO + SO (5) Fast – NO2 + SO2 = NO + SO3 (5) Fast – SO3 + H2O = H2SO4 (6) Fast

  • Rate increases with Pressure to the 3rd power
  • nly feasible at elevated pressure

– only feasible at elevated pressure

  • No Nitric Acid is formed until all the SO2 is converted
  • Pressure, reactor design and residence times, are important.

51

slide-52
SLIDE 52

CO2 Compression and Purification System – Removal of SO NOx and Hg Removal of SO2, NOx and Hg

1.02 bar

30 bar to Driers

SO2 removal: 100% NOx removal: 90-99%

30°C 67% CO2 8% H2O 25%

Saturated 30°C 76% CO2 24% Inerts Water

Inerts SOx NOx

BFW 15 bar 30 bar cw Condensate cw cw cw Dilute H SO cw Dilute HNO3

52

Dilute H2SO4 HNO3 Hg

slide-53
SLIDE 53

SOx/NOx Removal – Key Features Features

Adiabatic compression to 15 bar: – No interstage water removal – All Water and SOx removed at one place NO acts as a catalyst – NO is oxidised to NO2 and then NO2

  • xidises SO2 to SO3: The Lead Chamber
  • xidises SO2 to SO3: The Lead Chamber

Process Hg will also be removed, reacting with the nitric acid that is formed (To What Extent???)

53

slide-54
SLIDE 54

CO2 Purity - Composition

Raw Flue Gas @ 35°C, 1 02 b CO2 Product Vent @ 35°C, 110 b @ 11°C, 1 1 b 1.02 bara mol% CO2 71 5 110 bar 1.1 bar mol% mol% Corrected Corrected 96 3 24 6 CO2 71.5 N2 14.3 O2 5.9 96.3 24.6 2.0 48.7 1.1 19.4

2

Ar 2.3 SO2 0.4 NO 400 ppm 0.6 7.1 < 10 ppm < 100 ppm NO 400 ppm NO2 10 ppm H2O 5.6 < 10 ppm < 100 ppm < 10 ppm

54

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SLIDE 55

Oxygen removal – Option 2

Driers Feed to distillation distillation column

55

30 bar Raw CO2 Saturated 30°C 76% CO2 24% Inerts

slide-56
SLIDE 56

Oxygen removal – Option 2

Recycle to Feed Impure CO

30 bar

CO2

30 bar column

Pure CO2 Pump to pipeline Reboiler heated with feed

56

pressure or flash to tanker pressure stream

slide-57
SLIDE 57

Purity, Recovery and Pow er Purity, Recovery and Pow er

Power includes ASU and CO system power Power includes ASU and CO2 system power

Description CO2 Pressure CO2 Recovery Relative Specific Oxygen Content CO2 Purity Pressure Recovery Power Standard Cycle 95.90 mol% 0.91 mol% 110 bar 89.0% 1.00 Content High Purity Option 2 99 98 mol% 100 00 ppm 110 bar 87 7% 0 99 High Purity Option 2 99.98 mol% 100.00 ppm 110 bar 87.7% 0.99 30 bar liquid CO2 99.98 mol% 100.00 ppm 30 bar 87.7% 0.98 7 bar liquid CO2 100 00 mol% 5 01 ppm 7 bar 87 7% 1 02 7 bar liquid CO2 100.00 mol% 5.01 ppm 7 bar 87.7% 1.02

57

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SLIDE 58

Issues involving CO2 purification process Issues involving CO2 purification process

  • We need to establish what is appropriate and acceptable
  • We need to establish what is appropriate and acceptable

level of impurities in our CO2 based on aspects of:

○ Health, Safety and Environment considerations

What are the regulations to be established without disadvantaging any capture

technology (What is acceptable!!!)

○ Quality specifications defined by transportation/delivery of CO2 to

the storage sites

Also to consider the changes to the CO2 properties by the impurities and its

possible reactions

Q lit ifi ti d fi d b th t CO2 f diff t

○ Quality specifications defined by the storage CO2 for different

storage options

  • The quality of CO2 (specific level of impurities)

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk

q y ( p p ) should be openly discussed!

58

slide-59
SLIDE 59

Large Scale Oxy Large Scale Oxy-

  • Coal Combustion

Coal Combustion Projects that will provide a big step Projects that will provide a big step forward for Oxy forward for Oxy-

  • Coal Combustion…

Coal Combustion…

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk

59

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SLIDE 60

Schwarze Schwarze Pumpe Pumpe Oxy Oxy-

  • Combustion Pilot Plant

Combustion Pilot Plant

Time Table for Implementation of Oxy-Fuel Project

2009 2010 2011 2005 2006 2007 2008

Pre- and Order planning Permission planning Execution planning Commissioning Erection Operation

Courtesy of Vattenfall

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 60

Courtesy of Vattenfall

slide-61
SLIDE 61

Artist’s View of Artist’s View of Vattenfall’s Vattenfall’s Pilot Plant Pilot Plant

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 61

Courtesy of Vattenfall

slide-62
SLIDE 62

Schwarze Schwarze Pumpe Pumpe Oxy Oxy-

  • Combustion Pilot Plant

Combustion Pilot Plant

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 62

Courtesy of Vattenfall AB

slide-63
SLIDE 63

Doosan Doosan Babcock Burner Test (2008/09) Babcock Burner Test (2008/09)

40 MWth

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 63

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SLIDE 64

Callide A Project: Japanese Callide A Project: Japanese-

  • Australian Collaboration

Australian Collaboration

Nth Denison Trough

Callide-A Power Station

Capacity: 4 x 30 MWe Commissioned: 1965 – 1969 Refurbished: 1997/98 Refurbished: 1997/98 Steam Parameters: 4.1 MPa, 460oC Steam Flowrate: 123 t/h steam

Figure 2: Location of Callide-A Project A Planned retrofit to a coal fired power plant with an oxy-combustion boiler

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk

Figure 2: Location of Callide A Project. A Planned retrofit to a coal fired power plant with an oxy combustion boiler

64

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SLIDE 65

Japanese and Australian Co Japanese and Australian Co-

  • operation
  • peration
  • Callide A Oxy Combustion Retrofit Project
  • Callide-A Oxy-Combustion Retrofit Project
  • IHI (Japan) and CS Energy (Australia)
  • Project is also supported by the Australia Coal

A i i JC l JP (EPDC) Association, JCoal, JPower (EPDC)

  • FEED study is expected to be completed by end of

this year

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk

  • Construction is expected to start by next year...

65

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SLIDE 66

Concluding Remarks Concluding Remarks

F d t l d t di f th i i l f O C l

  • Fundamental understanding of the principles of Oxy-Coal

Combustion with Flue Gas Recycle have been well establish during the past 20 years of R&D activities g p y

○ There are still some gaps in knowledge – but we are already ready

for large scale demonstration of the technology. - We need to identify other potential show stoppers identify other potential show stoppers…

  • What is needed right now is to achieve the LARGE SCALE

DEMONSTRATION OF OXY-COMBUSTION

○ Oxy-combustion will be a competing option vs. post-combustion for

coal fired power plant retrofit

○ Oxy-combustion will be a competing option vs. IGCC for new built

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk

Oxy combustion will be a competing option vs. IGCC for new built coal fired power plant.

66

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SLIDE 67

Oxy Oxy-

  • Coal / Fuel Oil Combustion Boiler Projects

Coal / Fuel Oil Combustion Boiler Projects

(1 (1 MWe MWe = 3 = 3 MWt MWt = 10 = 10 MMBtu MMBtu/hr) /hr)

1000 0 1000 0

300.0

100 0 1000.0

SASK Power

Utility B il

300.0

100 0 1000.0

SASK Power

Utility B il

11.7 20.0 10.0 10.0 25.0 30.0

10.0 100.0 MWe

International Combustion Vattenfall CS Energy TOTAL DOOSAN-Babcock Jupiter J it

Boilers

11.7 20.0 10.0 10.0 25.0 30.0

10.0 100.0 MWe

International Combustion Vattenfall CS Energy TOTAL DOOSAN-Babcock Jupiter J it

Boilers

1.0 0 5 1.0 4.0 5.0 1.0 1.7

1.0 M

ANL/EERC JSIM/NEDO IFRF B&W/AL Jupiter CIEMAT ENEL

Industrial Furnaces

1.0 0 5 1.0 4.0 5.0 1.0 1.7

1.0 M

ANL/EERC JSIM/NEDO IFRF B&W/AL Jupiter CIEMAT ENEL

Industrial Furnaces

0.2 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2

0.1 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

ANL/BHP IHI B&W/AL CANMET PowerGen IVD-Stuttgart RWE-NPOWER

Test Furnaces

0.2 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2

0.1 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

ANL/BHP IHI B&W/AL CANMET PowerGen IVD-Stuttgart RWE-NPOWER

Test Furnaces

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk 67

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Year 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Year