RWSN -Kampala Rural Drinking Water Service Levels and Poverty: A - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

RWSN -Kampala

Rural Drinking Water Service Levels and Poverty: A Study of Andhra Pradesh, South India

Snehalatha Mekala

Background: drinking water in Andhra Pradesh In Andhra Pradesh out of 72,040 villages

• 46 %fully covered (FC)
• 52 %partially covered (PC)
• 1 % not covered (NC)
• 1 % no safe source (NSS)

Approximate amount spent including rehabilitation and extension from 2004 to 2008 is > US$ 4.16 billion (Rs 200 millions) Groundwater schemes cover about 72 % of the villages while surface water schemes cover about 28 %.

The research: objectives and sample

• Assessing the variations in rural

drinking water service delivery across agro-climatic regions in Andhra Pradesh;

• Analysing variations in service

levels across households within the villages especially for the poor Sample : Agroclimatic zones - 9 Districts - 22 Household surveys - 5233 Waterpoint surveys - 1500

Water service levels: a framework for analysis

Service level Quantity Accessibility Quality Reliability/Dependability High 80lpcd+ 0-10 mins to collect water per day In addition, water quality has been tested independently using a water quality test kit. As ‘improved’ but a system for handling breakdowns exists and it functions well. Improved 60-80 lpcd 10-20 mins Users are aware that RWSS officials have certified that there are no water quality problems. Meets basic standards and a system for handling breakdowns exists, but the system is not reliable. Basic 40-60 lpcd 20-30 mins No complaints by users Network supply according to an agreed schedule and duration. HPs are dependable. But no system for handling breakdowns exists. Limited (sub- standard) 20-40 lpcd 30-60 mins Water is used for drinking but users complain of bad smell, bad taste or colour

• r appearance.

Network supply has scheduled times and duration and delivery, but supply is still haphazard. Hand pumps are not dependable because recharge rates are low. No service Less than 20 lpcd. 60+ mins Water is unfit for drinking by humans or animals. Network supply is haphazard. Hand pumps are not dependable because ground water is exhausted

Water service levels: main findings

Majority households receive basic and sub standard levels 15% households buying bottled water due to water quality issues Households are spending > 60 minutes /day in water fetching Unreliable service despite multiple sources and systems

Inter zonal variations in service delivery

High Variations across zones in service delivery Though hydro geological conditions vary, allocations are same Remote villages/Zones have poor services compared to the other zones

Inter village variations in service delivery

High Inter village variations in service delivery Higher investments (mainly Capital Expenditure) does not lead to better service delivery Community initiatives and strong leadership contribute to better service delivery Support structures and systems to complement and sustain the community actions

Intra village: poverty and services received

Distinct localities for different caste groups Skewed public &private expenditure towards relatively wealthier parts

• f villages.

As result, these parts have better & more reliable & secure services Low participation and less influence in decision making by poor, SC/ST and women in WASH

Intra village: poverty and services received

High quantity of water received by High income households and Other Castes (non-poor) Location of low income and lower caste groups towards tail end of system resulting in inequitable distribution The high income groups invest in booster pumps, storage tanks and sumps to improve services but have impact on poor HHs

Conclusions

• Shifting the focus to service delivery with

regular monitoring systems involving users.

• Grievance procedures must be open and

transparent and providers must be held accountable

• Building the capacities of local/grass root
• rganisations with accountable governance

systems including social audits, local media and

• pen monitoring involving all the levels of stake

holders

• Pro-poor strategies with equity and inclusion

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