Is it Worth Building Regional Schemes? Jim Gibson; Maluti GSM; South Africa 6 th RWSN Forum, Kampala (November 2011) 6 th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29 th Nov-1 st Dec 2011
Contents • Introduction • The Eastern Cape in South Africa • Regional vs Stand Alone Schemes • Methodology • Life Cycle Cost Model • Functionality Assessments • Operators Anecdotes • Conclusions 6 th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29 th Nov-1 st Dec 2011
Rural Water Supply in South Africa 1994 1995 2001 2003 2011 Munic’s get Free Basic Backlogs still CWSS large backlogs Services rural water being addressed initiated in homelands introduced services (esp. san) Photo: KA Eales 6 th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29 th Nov-1 st Dec 2011
The Eastern Cape ‘Transkei’ The ghost of the homelands ‘Ciskei’ 6 th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29 th Nov-1 st Dec 2011
Research Question • Is there a good argument for building large regional schemes in preference to small stand alone village systems? 6 th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29 th Nov-1 st Dec 2011
Research Methodology 1. Life Cycle Cost Model – Based on costed norms 2. Functionality Surveys – Regional and stand alone schemes 3. Anecdotes From Field Staff – challenges 6 th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29 th Nov-1 st Dec 2011
Costed Norms (capex) • Indicative costs of constructing infrastructure were gathered from a number of government guidelines. • Capital taken as repayable over 30 years at 6% interest. • Costs of operations, maintenance and projects were calculated as a percentages of current replacement cost Item (as % of CRC) pump stations Civils (ops) 0.1 300 000 250 000 WTW (ops) $22,600 /Ml per yr dplg 200 000 R/kW R² = 0.99 Mech – Elec (ops) 3 150 000 diesel R² = 0.9275 100 000 Civils (maint) 0.7 elec 50 000 - Mech – Elec (maint) 3.5 0 10 20 30 40 50 size in kW Projects 2 (capmanex) 6 th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29 th Nov-1 st Dec 2011
Model Schemes 34 stand alones schemes - b-hole RETIC RES PS - reservoir BH - reticulation Regional Scheme with 34 villages - dam - wtw - multiple pumps - multiple reservoirs - multiple reticulations 6 th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29 th Nov-1 st Dec 2011
Cost Model Pipelines are the main driver of This method under estimates the capital costs: 3 500 000 real cost which is sensitive to: - 46% (regional) 3 000 000 Regional Capital 2 500 000 S-Alone - 54% (s-alone) Cost (USD) • distance from a service centre 2 000 000 1 500 000 • economies of scale 1 000 000 500 000 Repayment of capital = 58% 0 1 600 000 1 400 000 Mech – Elec equipment: support 1 200 000 projects Annual 1 000 000 Operations manex opex 13% of capital support and 800 000 projects Maintenace 600 000 39% of O&M (regional) manex opex Costs (USD) 400 000 capex 55% of O&M (s-alone) capex 200 000 - Regional 1 Stand Alones 2 6 th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29 th Nov-1 st Dec 2011
• Beware of metrics that measure in terms of cost per consumption:- such as $/m 3 • Many of the costs are fixed and therefore insensitive to consumption • In SA we have observed the following consumption: – Standpipe @ 200m = 3m 3 / h-hold / month – House connection = up to 40m 3 / h-hold / month 6 th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29 th Nov-1 st Dec 2011
Functionality Surveys Regional Regional S-Alone S-Alone Regional Group Observation A B 1 2 C Scheme No service on 32% 30% 20% n-a 49% 28% day of visit significant interruption in 64% 68% 40% 29% n-a n-a past 6 months Overflowing 25% 26% 49% n-a 41% 53% reservoirs Interruptions longer than 1 25% 21% 11% n-a n-a n-a month Photo: KA Eales 6 th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29 th Nov-1 st Dec 2011
Operators Anecdotes • Regional Schemes – Sophisticated hydraulic analysis needed – Complicated pump controls – Water losses that are difficult to find – Interruptions can be ‘chronic’. (areas with long term interruptions) – The role of CBO’s 6 th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29 th Nov-1 st Dec 2011
• Stand Alone Schemes – Management of logistics is a difficult task (eg. fuel delivery) – Interruptions are ‘acute’. (can be repaired quickly) – Communication and the role of CBO’s Photo: KA Eales Photo: P Ravenscroft 6 th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29 th Nov-1 st Dec 2011
The Relative Challenge The reality requires organisations with a High Tech Water wide range of capabilities. Technical High Board Regional Tech Challenge Schemes LowTech Stand-Alone Low Rural Schemes Tech Munic complex simple simple complex Logistical Challenge 6 th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29 th Nov-1 st Dec 2011
Conclusions • Capital costs are very dependent on pipe length. • The day to day challenge is largely shaped by the Mech – Elec installations. • Are you trading a logistical challenge for a technical one? • Ensure that the challenge is matched to institutional capability. • Interconnectedness creates fragility and leads to new vulnerabilities • Think carefully and consider all aspects before making such a big decision. 6 th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29 th Nov-1 st Dec 2011
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