Is it Worth Building Regional Schemes? Jim Gibson; Maluti GSM; - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

6th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29th Nov-1st Dec 2011

Is it Worth Building Regional Schemes?

Jim Gibson; Maluti GSM; South Africa

6th RWSN Forum, Kampala

(November 2011)

6th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29th Nov-1st Dec 2011

Contents

• Introduction
• The Eastern Cape in South Africa
• Regional vs Stand Alone Schemes
• Methodology
• Life Cycle Cost Model
• Functionality Assessments
• Operators Anecdotes
• Conclusions

6th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29th Nov-1st Dec 2011

Rural Water Supply in South Africa

1994 1995 2001 2003 2011

large backlogs in homelands CWSS initiated Free Basic Services introduced Munic’s get rural water services Backlogs still being addressed (esp. san)

Photo: KA Eales

6th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29th Nov-1st Dec 2011

The Eastern Cape

‘Transkei’ ‘Ciskei’

The ghost of the homelands

6th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29th Nov-1st Dec 2011

Research Question

• Is there a good argument for building large

regional schemes in preference to small stand alone village systems?

6th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29th Nov-1st Dec 2011

Research Methodology

• 1. Life Cycle Cost Model

– Based on costed norms

• 2. Functionality Surveys

– Regional and stand alone schemes

• 3. Anecdotes From Field Staff

– challenges

6th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29th Nov-1st Dec 2011

Costed Norms (capex)

R² = 0.9275 R² = 0.99

• 50 000

100 000 150 000 200 000 250 000 300 000 10 20 30 40 50

R/kW size in kW

pump stations

dplg diesel elec

• Indicative costs of constructing infrastructure were

gathered from a number of government guidelines.

• Capital taken as repayable over 30 years at 6% interest.
• Costs of operations, maintenance and projects were

calculated as a percentages of current replacement cost

Item (as % of CRC)

Civils (ops) 0.1 WTW (ops) $22,600 /Ml per yr Mech – Elec (ops) 3 Civils (maint) 0.7 Mech – Elec (maint) 3.5 Projects (capmanex) 2

6th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29th Nov-1st Dec 2011

Model Schemes

BH RETIC PS RES

34 stand alones schemes

• b-hole
• reservoir
• reticulation

Regional Scheme with 34 villages

• dam
• wtw
• multiple pumps
• multiple reservoirs
• multiple reticulations

6th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29th Nov-1st Dec 2011

Cost Model

capex capex

• pex
• pex

manex manex projects projects support support

• 200 000

400 000 600 000 800 000 1 000 000 1 200 000 1 400 000 1 600 000

1 2

Annual Operations and Maintenace Costs (USD)

Regional Stand Alones

500 000 1 000 000 1 500 000 2 000 000 2 500 000 3 000 000 3 500 000

Capital Cost (USD)

Regional S-Alone

Pipelines are the main driver of capital costs:

• 46% (regional)
• 54% (s-alone)

Repayment of capital = 58% Mech – Elec equipment:

• 13% of capital
• 39% of O&M (regional)
• 55% of O&M (s-alone)

This method under estimates the real cost which is sensitive to:

• distance from a service centre
• economies of scale

6th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29th Nov-1st Dec 2011

• Beware of metrics that measure in terms of cost per

consumption:- such as $/m3

• Many of the costs are fixed and therefore

insensitive to consumption

• In SA we have observed the following consumption:

– Standpipe @ 200m = 3m3 / h-hold / month – House connection = up to 40m3 / h-hold / month

6th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29th Nov-1st Dec 2011

Functionality Surveys

Observation Regional A Regional B S-Alone 1 S-Alone 2 Regional C Group Scheme

No service on day of visit 32% 30% 20% n-a 49% 28% significant interruption in past 6 months 64% 68% 40% 29% n-a n-a Overflowing reservoirs 25% 26% 49% n-a 41% 53% Interruptions longer than 1 month 25% 21% 11% n-a n-a n-a

Photo: KA Eales

6th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29th Nov-1st Dec 2011

• Regional Schemes

– Sophisticated hydraulic analysis needed – Complicated pump controls – Water losses that are difficult to find – Interruptions can be ‘chronic’. (areas with long term interruptions) – The role of CBO’s

Operators Anecdotes

6th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29th Nov-1st Dec 2011

• Stand Alone Schemes

– Management of logistics is a difficult task (eg. fuel delivery) – Interruptions are ‘acute’. (can be repaired quickly) – Communication and the role

• f CBO’s

Photo: P Ravenscroft Photo: KA Eales

6th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29th Nov-1st Dec 2011

Logistical Challenge Technical Challenge

Regional Schemes Stand-Alone Schemes

High Tech LowTech complex simple

High Tech Low Tech simple complex

The Relative Challenge

Water Board Rural Munic The reality requires

• rganisations with a

wide range of capabilities.

6th International Rural Water Supply Network Forum : Kampala, Uganda : 29th Nov-1st Dec 2011

Conclusions

• Capital costs are very dependent on pipe length.
• The day to day challenge is largely shaped by the

Mech – Elec installations.

• Are you trading a logistical challenge for a technical
• ne?
• Ensure that the challenge is matched to institutional

capability.

• Interconnectedness creates fragility and leads to new

vulnerabilities

• Think carefully and consider all aspects before making

such a big decision.