Is Fluoride Removal Affordable in Rural Ethiopia? Lars Osterwalder, 6 - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Feb 14, 2024 250 likes •488 views

Is Fluoride Removal Affordable in Rural Ethiopia? Lars Osterwalder, 6 th RWSN Forum, Kampala 2011 Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Optimization

SLIDE 1

Is Fluoride Removal Affordable in Rural Ethiopia?

Lars Osterwalder, 6th RWSN Forum, Kampala 2011

Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology

SLIDE 2

Eawag

Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology

“Optimization and acceptance of fluoride removal

ptions for drinking water in rural Ethiopia”

Case study of the cross-cutting project: Water Resource Quality (WRQ)

www.wrq.eawag.ch

SLIDE 3

Fluoride and Human Health

Skeletal Fluorosis:

Joint stiffening, deformation of bones

Dental Fluorosis

Coloring and brittling of enamel, tooth decay, social stigmatization

Beneficial

Protects against caries

WHO: 1.5 mg/L

SLIDE 4

Project Area & Partners

Ethiopia - Oromia Region

Oromia Self-Help Organization (OSHO) Swiss Interchurch Help (HEKS) Addis Ababa University (AAU)

Kenya - Rift Valley Province

Nakuru Defluoridation Company (NDC)

SLIDE 5

Project Area & Partners

Ethiopia - Oromia Region

Oromia Self-Help Organization (OSHO) Swiss Interchurch Help (HEKS) Addis Ababa University (AAU)

Kenya - Rift Valley Province

Nakuru Defluoridation Company (NDC)

In the Ethiopian Rift Valley alone around 8.5 Million people are at risk of developing dental or skeletal fluorosis

SLIDE 6

Filter Material – Nakuru Technique

Bone char and calcium phosphate pellets produced at NDC 10 - 14 days ~ 300 °C

SLIDE 7

Community Filter in Wayo Gabriel

(Oromia Region, Ethiopia)

WHO Guideline

SLIDE 8

Community Filter in Wayo Gabriel

(Oromia Region, Ethiopia)

WHO Guideline

The „Nakuru Technique‟ is easy and safe to operate:

No electricity required
No addition and mixing of chemicals by the operator

SLIDE 9

Filter media replacements Salary of operator Raw water (e.g. pumping, infrastructure…) Water committee expenses Maintenance of filter Amortization of filter Monitoring Transportation (e.g. when replacing filter media…)

Financial Sustainability

SLIDE 10

Filter media replacements Salary of operator Raw water (e.g. pumping, infrastructure…) Water committee expenses Maintenance of filter Amortization of filter Monitoring Transportation (e.g. when replacing filter media…)

Can the community afford to pay for all these costs? Financial Sustainability

SLIDE 11

Financial Sustainability

0.50 ETB for 20 L 0.50 ETB 1.00 ETB 1.50 ETB Costumer Operator

ETB = Ethiopian Birr, 1 USD = 18 ETB

SLIDE 12

Financial Sustainability

1’000 ETB

After 1 Month

2’000 jerry cans sold Water meter: 50 m3 Water Committee Operator 20 ETB/m3

SLIDE 13

Financial Sustainability

Water Committee Operator 200 ETB/month Electricity 150 ETB/month BANK 650 ETB

SLIDE 14

Financial Sustainability

BANK 1’300 ETB

After 2 Months

Water Committee

SLIDE 15

Financial Sustainability

BANK 2’600 ETB

After 4 Months

SLIDE 16

Financial Sustainability

BANK 6’500 ETB

After 12 Months

District Water Officer 500 ETB/month 6’000 ETB

SLIDE 17

Financial Sustainability

BANK 12’000 ETB

After 24 Months

SLIDE 18

Financial Sustainability

BANK

3’500 ETB

After 27 Months

1’350 m3 water treated Filter media uptake capacity of 3 mgF/gMedia Raw water: 2.7 mg/L

17’500 ETB 12’000 ETB Maintenance? Amortization?

SLIDE 19

Discussion – Running Costs

Filter media replacements make up for a significant ratio of the total water costs!

SLIDE 20

Discussion – Running Costs

→ Reduction of filter media production costs, regeneration of bone char → Improvement of filter design → Installation of the filter at the water point with the lowest fluoride concentration in a community → Using wind or solar energy for pumping → Using income from selling raw water for subsidizing treated water → No separate operator for the defluoridation community filter → Accepting a higher fluoride guideline in drinking water

SLIDE 21

Discussion – Infrastructure Costs

Defluoridated water is only used for drinking and cooking – fix costs can be distributed only to a small amount of sold water.

→ Subsidy for infrastructure (by government or NGOs) → Conducting professional promotion to ensure high consumption

SLIDE 22

Take-Home Message

When a fluoride removal filter is constructed it has to be defined how the filter media replacements can be financed! Only long-term fluoride reduction in drinking and cooking water will improve the health impact of fluorosis.

SLIDE 23

Is Fluoride Removal Affordable in Rural Ethiopia?

Lars Osterwalder, 6th RWSN Forum, Kampala 2011

Eawag

“Optimization and acceptance of fluoride removal

Case study of the cross-cutting project: Water Resource Quality (WRQ)

www.wrq.eawag.ch

Fluoride and Human Health

Skeletal Fluorosis:

Dental Fluorosis

Beneficial

WHO: 1.5 mg/L

Project Area & Partners

Ethiopia - Oromia Region

Kenya - Rift Valley Province

Project Area & Partners

Ethiopia - Oromia Region

Kenya - Rift Valley Province

In the Ethiopian Rift Valley alone around 8.5 Million people are at risk of developing dental or skeletal fluorosis

Filter Material – Nakuru Technique

Bone char and calcium phosphate pellets produced at NDC 10 - 14 days ~ 300 °C

Community Filter in Wayo Gabriel

(Oromia Region, Ethiopia)

Community Filter in Wayo Gabriel

(Oromia Region, Ethiopia)

The „Nakuru Technique‟ is easy and safe to operate:

Filter media replacements Salary of operator Raw water (e.g. pumping, infrastructure…) Water committee expenses Maintenance of filter Amortization of filter Monitoring Transportation (e.g. when replacing filter media…)

Financial Sustainability

Filter media replacements Salary of operator Raw water (e.g. pumping, infrastructure…) Water committee expenses Maintenance of filter Amortization of filter Monitoring Transportation (e.g. when replacing filter media…)

Can the community afford to pay for all these costs? Financial Sustainability

Financial Sustainability

0.50 ETB for 20 L 0.50 ETB 1.00 ETB 1.50 ETB Costumer Operator

ETB = Ethiopian Birr, 1 USD = 18 ETB

Financial Sustainability

1’000 ETB

After 1 Month

2’000 jerry cans sold Water meter: 50 m3 Water Committee Operator 20 ETB/m3

Financial Sustainability

Water Committee Operator 200 ETB/month Electricity 150 ETB/month BANK 650 ETB

Financial Sustainability

BANK 1’300 ETB

After 2 Months

Water Committee

Financial Sustainability

BANK 2’600 ETB

After 4 Months

Financial Sustainability

BANK 6’500 ETB

After 12 Months

District Water Officer 500 ETB/month 6’000 ETB

Financial Sustainability

BANK 12’000 ETB

After 24 Months

Financial Sustainability

BANK

After 27 Months

1’350 m3 water treated Filter media uptake capacity of 3 mgF/gMedia Raw water: 2.7 mg/L

17’500 ETB 12’000 ETB Maintenance? Amortization?

Discussion – Running Costs

Filter media replacements make up for a significant ratio of the total water costs!

Discussion – Running Costs

Discussion – Infrastructure Costs

Defluoridated water is only used for drinking and cooking – fix costs can be distributed only to a small amount of sold water.

→ Subsidy for infrastructure (by government or NGOs) → Conducting professional promotion to ensure high consumption

Take-Home Message

When a fluoride removal filter is constructed it has to be defined how the filter media replacements can be financed! Only long-term fluoride reduction in drinking and cooking water will improve the health impact of fluorosis.

Thank you for the attention!