Recent Advances in Functional Neuroimaging: Possible Bioethical - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Recent Advances in Functional Neuroimaging: Possible Bioethical - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Nov 17, 2023 272 likes •445 views

Recent Advances in Functional Neuroimaging: Possible Bioethical Collisions Anthony D. Wagner, PhD Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience Co-Director, Stanford Center for Cogni9ve and Neurobiological

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Recent Advances in Functional Neuroimaging: Possible Bioethical Collisions

Anthony D. Wagner, PhD Professor ¡of ¡Psychology ¡and ¡Neuroscience Co-­‑Director, ¡Stanford ¡Center ¡for ¡Cogni9ve ¡and ¡Neurobiological ¡Imaging ¡(CNI)

Stanford University

  • Y. Waszul (2007)

http://memorylab.stanford.edu/ 1 of 15 PCSBE 2/3/12 Monday, January 30, 2012

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Overview

Functional vs. Structural Neuroimaging Detecting Mental States

– Functional MRI-based Lie Detection – Functional MRI-based Memory Detection

Detecting Consciousness: Diagnostic and Prognostic Utility Neuroprediction

– Predicting Stress Responses in Soldiers – An Exemplar

2 of 15 PCSBE 2/3/12 Monday, January 30, 2012

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Human Neuroimaging

Structural

– Measures of brain anatomy / tissue composition – e.g., Structural MRI; Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Functional

– Direct and indirect measures of brain activity – e.g., Functional MRI; PET; EEG

3 of 15 PCSBE 2/3/12 Monday, January 30, 2012

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Overview

Functional vs. Structural Neuroimaging Detecting Mental States

– Functional MRI-based Lie Detection – Functional MRI-based Memory Detection

Detecting Consciousness: Diagnostic and Prognostic Utility Neuroprediction

– Predicting Stress Responses in Soldiers – An Exemplar

4 of 15 PCSBE 2/3/12 Monday, January 30, 2012

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Functional MRI (fMRI) & Lie Detection

5 of 15 PCSBE 2/3/12 Monday, January 30, 2012

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Analysis of fMRI Lie Detection Literature

(Wagner (2010), In: A Judgeʼs Guide to Neuroscience)

No relevant published data unambiguously answer whether fMRI- based neuroscience methods can detect lies at the individual- instance level. No relevant data on the sensitivity and specificity of fMRI-based lie detection.

The Published Literature (circa May 2010) –– 32 peer-reviewed papers in total (28 unique data sets)

  • 21 exclusively report group-level data

– cannot answer whether fMRI can detect individual lies

  • 11 report whether they can detect if an individual is “lying”

– fundamental methodological limitations render these studies uninformative

6 of 15 PCSBE 2/3/12 Monday, January 30, 2012

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“Memory Detection”: Mumbai, India

7 of 15 PCSBE 2/3/12 Monday, January 30, 2012

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Can fMRI Detect Memories?

Rissman, Greely, & Wagner (2010), PNAS

8 of 15 PCSBE 2/3/12 Monday, January 30, 2012

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Can fMRI Detect Memories?

Rissman, Greely, & Wagner (2010), PNAS

Hits ¡

  • vs. ¡

CRs

65% 60%

8 of 15 PCSBE 2/3/12 Monday, January 30, 2012

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1) Yes: Under highly-controlled conditions, fMRI can discriminate between whether someone is remembering or not with reasonably high accuracy. 2) Not well: Under highly-controlled conditions, fMRI poorly discriminates between true vs. false memory and poorly detects past experience when the subject fails to remember. 3) Source memory? Unclear whether fMRI can identify the source of a memory (e.g., participation in an event vs. learning of event from the media) 4) Countermeasures? Subject strategies may dramatically alter classifier success. 5) Complicating factors: Retention interval; Practice effects; Emotional significance; Motivation; Stress; Group effects (e.g., older adults or children)

9 of 15 PCSBE 2/3/12

Can fMRI Detect Memories?

Initial Conclusions

Monday, January 30, 2012

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Overview

Functional vs. Structural Neuroimaging Detecting Mental States

– Functional MRI-based Lie Detection – Functional MRI-based Memory Detection

Detecting Consciousness: Diagnostic and Prognostic Utility Neuroprediction

– Predicting Stress Responses in Soldiers – An Exemplar

10 of 15 PCSBE 2/3/12 Monday, January 30, 2012

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Cruse et al. (2012) Lancet Owen et al. (2006) Science

Detecting Awareness: Disorders of Consciousness

11 of 15 PCSBE 2/3/12 Monday, January 30, 2012

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Overview

Functional vs. Structural Neuroimaging Detecting Mental States

– Functional MRI-based Lie Detection – Functional MRI-based Memory Detection

Detecting Consciousness: Diagnostic and Prognostic Utility Neuroprediction

– Predicting Stress Responses in Soldiers – An Exemplar

12 of 15 PCSBE 2/3/12 Monday, January 30, 2012

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Neuroprediction in Soldiers: fMRI Data Pre-IDF Predict Stress Post-IDF

Admon et al. (2009) PNAS 13 of 15 PCSBE 2/3/12 Monday, January 30, 2012

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Neuroprediction in Soldiers: fMRI Data Pre-IDF Predict Stress Post-IDF

Admon et al. (2009) PNAS 14 of 15 PCSBE 2/3/12 Monday, January 30, 2012

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Overview

Functional vs. Structural Neuroimaging Detecting Mental States

– Functional MRI-based Lie Detection – Functional MRI-based Memory Detection

Detecting Consciousness: Diagnostic and Prognostic Utility Neuroprediction

– Predicting Stress Responses in Soldiers – An Exemplar

15 of 15 PCSBE 2/3/12 Monday, January 30, 2012