REAPower: Use of Desalination Brine for Power Production through - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

▶
reapower
SMART_READER_LITE
LIVE PREVIEW

REAPower: Use of Desalination Brine for Power Production through - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Oct 30, 2023 507 likes •1.15k views

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, www.reapower.eu Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica (DICGIM) REAPower: Use of Desalination Brine for Power Production through Reverse Electrodialysis M. Papapetrou, W. Van Baak, K. Goeting, A. Cipollina

slide-1
SLIDE 1

REAPower: Use of Desalination Brine for Power Production through Reverse Electrodialysis

  • M. Papapetrou, W. Van Baak,
  • K. Goeting, A. Cipollina

Second International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy 10-12 September 2014, Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica (DICGIM)

www.reapower.eu

slide-2
SLIDE 2

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

The REAPower Project

  • “Reverse Electrodialysis for Alternative Power production”
  • Cooperative project financed through the FP7 programme
  • Starting date:

1 October 2010

  • Closing date:

30 September 2014

2

Main facts:

The REAPower Project

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

slide-3
SLIDE 3

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

The REAPower Project Consortium

3

The REAPower Project

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

slide-4
SLIDE 4

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

The Reverse Electrodialysis technology

The REAPower Project

4

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

slide-5
SLIDE 5

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

The REAPower Project

5

Potential Sources of brine

The REAPower Project

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

slide-6
SLIDE 6

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

The REAPower Project Achievements

6

We have come a long way

 Tailor made membranes have been developed  New stack design with higher performance  Sophisticated modelling and process simulation  4 small and one larger lab stacks have been constructed and tested extensively  Extensive lab testing - record power densities achieved and a lot learned about the factors that affect the performance  Modelling and process simulation validated and improved  Starting by a stack of 10x10 cm2 with 50 cell pairs we scaled-up by a factor

  • f 200 to a 44x44 cm2 stack with 500

cell pairs  We moved to a real environment and have been operating for over 6 months - without important problems but still learning a lot

The REAPower Project

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

slide-7
SLIDE 7

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

First operating prototype in the world

7

The REAPower Project

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

slide-8
SLIDE 8

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

Technological advances in RED process

8

Technological advances

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

MEMBRANES STACK PROCESS

slide-9
SLIDE 9

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

Increased permselectivity Reduced membrane resistance Improvements in membranes development

9

Technological advances

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

slide-10
SLIDE 10

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

Improvements in membranes development

10

Technological advances

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

IEMs areal resistance

slide-11
SLIDE 11

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

Improvements in membranes development

11

Technological advances

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

IEMs improved morphology and support

slide-12
SLIDE 12

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

Improvements in membranes development

12

Technological advances

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

slide-13
SLIDE 13

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

Improvements in membranes development

13

Technological advances

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

IEMs permselectivity: analysis of transport mechanisms

slide-14
SLIDE 14

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

Improvements in membranes development

14

Technological advances

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

IEMs permselectivity: achievements

slide-15
SLIDE 15

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

Improvements in membranes development

15

Technological advances

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

IEMs: Projects achievements

slide-16
SLIDE 16

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

Redox couples selection New stack design  Different stacks already designed, constructed and tested  Currently available for the consortium Investigated redox couples under different conditions:  FeCl3/FeCl2  K3Fe(CN)6/K4Fe(CN)6  Fe(III)-EDTA/Fe(II)-EDTA

Electrochemical aspects and stack design

16

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

Technological advances

slide-17
SLIDE 17

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

Advances in RED technology

  • Lab stack: 10x10 cm2 , up to 50 cell pairs
  • Large lab stack: 20x20 cm2, 100 cell pairs
  • Pre-prototype stack: 22x22 cm2; 109 cells
  • First prototype pilot stack: 44x44 cm2, 125 cell pairs
  • Final prototype pilot stack: 44x44 cm2, 500 cells

17

RED Stack Development

200x

Technological advances

slide-18
SLIDE 18

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

18

Design goals and challenges

  • Leak-free design
  • Homogeneous flow distribution
  • Minimise parasitic short-cut current losses
  • Improving assembly process
  • Robust design: Optimising materials and strength

Technological advances

Advances in RED technology

slide-19
SLIDE 19

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

  • Principles of REDstack‘s Cross-flow Stack

Technological advances

Advances in RED technology

LOW HIGH

slide-20
SLIDE 20

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

  • Principles of REDstack‘s Cross-flow Stack

Technological advances

Advances in RED technology

LOW HIGH

slide-21
SLIDE 21

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

21

Performance Lab Cross-Flow Stack

Technological advances

The power density of conventional co-current stack and cross-flow stack using 300 micron spacers.

Advances in RED technology

slide-22
SLIDE 22

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

The REAPower Prototype

22

Technological advances

Final result: 44x44 cm2 pilot stacks with 500 cells

slide-23
SLIDE 23

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

Laboratory Experimental investigation

23

Experimental & modelling achievements

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

slide-24
SLIDE 24

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

Experimental conditions investigated:  fluid velocity (0.1 – 4 cm/s)  feed temperature (20 – 40 °C)  concentration of redox couple (0.1 – 0.3 M of K3Fe(CN)6/K4Fe(CN)6)  salt concentration of dilute solution from 0.1M to 0.55M  salt concentration of concentrate solution from 0.5M to 5M

Experimental investigation on a lab-scale unit

24

Brine IN

CELLS STACK

Potentiostat/ Galvanostat Brine IN tank Seawater IN tank Seawater OUT tank Brine OUT tank Electrode Rinse Solution tank

Seawater IN ERS IN ERS OUT Seawater OUT Brine OUT

Experimental & modelling achievements

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

slide-25
SLIDE 25

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

Max power density (net): Power density – Hydraulic losses

  • 5.0
  • 4.0
  • 3.0
  • 2.0
  • 1.0

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 1 2 3 4 5

Max Pd [W/m2 cell pair] fluid velocity [cm/s]

Experimental investigation on a lab-scale unit

25

Effect of fluid velocity on power output

Stack equipped with 50 cell pairs, Fujifilm membranes, Deukum 270 µm spacers .Brine solution: 5 M NaCl, seawater: 0.5 M NaCl. T=20°C. Electrode rinse solution: 0.1 M K3Fe(CN)6 / K4Fe(CN)6 ·3H2O + 2.5 M NaCl.

Max power density (gross)

Experimental & modelling achievements

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

slide-26
SLIDE 26

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

Experimental investigation on a lab-scale unit

Effect of the concentration of the concentrated solution (1 ÷ 5 M)

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 40 80 120

Power density [W/m2 cell pair]

current density [A/m2]

5 M 4 M 2,86 M 1,96 M 1 M

increasing Cconcentrate Cdil=0.55 M

Power density vs. current density

  • 1.0

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 1 2 3 4 5

Max Pd [W/m2 cell pair] Concentration of the conc. solution [M]

Maximum power density

  • vs. Cconc

increasing Cconcentrate

Gross Pd

26 Stack equipped with 50 cell pairs, Fujifilm membranes, Deukum 270 µm spacers . Seawater: 0.55 M NaCl. T=20°C. Fluid velocity: 1 cm/s. Electrode rinse solution: 0.1 M K3Fe(CN)6 / K4Fe(CN)6 ·3H2O + 2.5 M NaCl.

Experimental & modelling achievements

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

slide-27
SLIDE 27

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Max Pd [W/m2 cell pair] Concentration of the diluted solution [M]

Experimental investigation on a lab-scale unit

Effect of the concentration of the diluted solution (0.1 ÷ 1 M)

Cconc=5 M decreasing Cdilute

Power density vs. current density Max Pd= 4.5 W/m2

decreasing Cdilute

Maximum power density

  • vs. Cdilute

Gross Pd

27 Stack equipped with 50 cell pairs, Fujifilm membranes, Deukum 270 µm spacers . Brine: 5 M NaCl. T=20°C. Fluid velocity: 1 cm/s. Electrode rinse solution: 0.1 M K3Fe(CN)6 / K4Fe(CN)6 ·3H2O + 2.5 M NaCl.

Experimental & modelling achievements

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

slide-28
SLIDE 28

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

50 cell pairs - FAS – 20/FKS – 20 Fumatech membranes [thickness 20-30 µm] - Deukum spacers [thickness 270 µm] - Brine 5 M, seawater 0,1÷0,5 M - Electrode rinse solution [( K3Fe(CN)6 0,1 M, K4Fe(CN)6 ·3H2O 0,3M; NaCl 2,5M), flow rate 30l/h].

Change in membranes: 20-30 mm thin membranes

  • 2
  • 1

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4

Pd_max ;Pdnet_max [W/m2] Feed flow velocity [cm/s] Gross Pd Net Pd

2 3 4 5 6 15 20 25 30 35 40

Pdensity_max [W/m2] Average Temperature [°C]

1 cm/s 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4 2 1 0.7 0.5 0.3

Pdensity_max [W/m2] Feed flow velocity [cm/s]

0,5 M 0,3 M 0,1 M

Influence of flow velcoity Influence of Temperature Influence of diluate concentration

28

Experimental investigation on a lab-scale unit

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

Experimental & modelling achievements

slide-29
SLIDE 29

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

Experimental investigation on a lab-scale unit

MAX power output conditions:

4cm/s, T = 40°C & brackish water diluate (0.1M)

50 cell pairs; Deukum spacers [thickness 270 µm] - Brine 5 M; Electrode rinse solution [( K3Fe(CN)6 0,1 M, K4Fe(CN)6 ·3H2O 0,3M; NaCl 2,5M), flow rate 30l/h].

2 4 6 8 10 12 50 100 150

Pdensity [W/m2] i [A/m2]

2 4 6 8 10 12 50 100 150

Pdensity [W/m2] i [A/m2]

Thick membranes (120mm) Thin membranes (20-30mm)

29

Experimental & modelling achievements

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

Power density above 15 W/m2 can be expected with larger number of cell pairs, i.e. reducing the effect

  • f blank resistance
slide-30
SLIDE 30

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

Modelling activities and process simulations

30

Experimental & modelling achievements

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

slide-31
SLIDE 31

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

Computational Fluid Dynamics

  • f SGP-RE stack

Lower scale info

Process model implementation Multi scale model implementation Experimental tests

  • n SGP-RE stacks

validation

Multi scale model validation

Simulator for predictions

  • f process performances &
  • ptimisation

Modelling the RED process

31

Multi-Scale Modelling approach:

Experimental & modelling achievements

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

slide-32
SLIDE 32

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

CFD Modelling: prediction of pressure drops

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 20 40 60 80 100 120

ΔP/l [bar/m] Q [ml/min]

Blue water exp Blue brine exp Blue water CFD Blue brine CFD Deukum water exp Deukum brine exp Deukum water CFD Deukum brine CFD

Model validation with experimental results

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35

ΔP/l [bar/m] Velocity along the flow direction [m/s]

Empty 400 μm Empty 200 μm Empty 100 μm Overlapped Woven Woven 200 μm DelStar Naltex Config. A DelStar Naltex Config. B Sefar Nitex Blue Deukum Porous

32

Simulations with different commercial spacers

Experimental & modelling achievements

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

slide-33
SLIDE 33

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

CFD Modelling: prediction of polarisation phenomena Polarisation Coefficients:

salt concentration map in the bulk salt concentration map at membrane-solution interface

33

Experimental & modelling achievements

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

slide-34
SLIDE 34

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

CFD Modelling: prediction of polarisation phenomena

Polarization factor for Deukum spacer-filled channels

Example: Effect of current density and fluid velocity on polarization coefficients. Model predictions from CFD simulations with 280 µm polyamide woven spacer (Deukum GmbH, Germany).

0.94 0.95 . 9 6 0.96 . 9 7 0.97 0.97 . 9 8 0.98 . 9 8 . 9 8 0.99 0.99 0.99 1 1 1 current density, i (A/m2) feed flow velocity, v (cm/s) 20 40 60 80 100 120 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

SEAWATER (500 mol/m3)

0.995 . 9 9 6 0.996 0.997 0.997 0.997 0.998 . 9 9 8 0.998 0.999 . 9 9 9 0.999 1 1 1 current density, i (A/m2) feed flow velocity, v (cm/s) 20 40 60 80 100 120 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

BRINE (5000 mol/m3)

34

Experimental & modelling achievements

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

Further details on CFD modelling of transport phenomena in spacer filled channels will be given by Luigi Gurreri, tomorrow at 10:10

slide-35
SLIDE 35

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

Development/validation of a process simulator

Cl- Na+

  • smosis

d d

CAT

+ d d

AN

  • Na+

Cl- Na+ Cl- electro-

  • smosis

BRINE SEAWATER DEPLETED BRINE CONCENTRATED SEAWATER

Low-hierarchy model (cell pair):

  • thermodynamic properties of solutions
  • electric variables
  • salt transport (counter/co-ions)
  • solvent transport (osmosis/electro-osmosis)
  • polarization phenomena
  • mass balance

35 Source: M. Tedesco et al., Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 49, pp. 404-424, 2012

Experimental & modelling achievements

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

slide-36
SLIDE 36

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

Process Modelling Approach

Cl- Na+

  • smosis

Na+ Cl- Na+ Cl- electro-

  • smosis

BRINE SEAWATER DEPLETED BRINE CONCENTRATED SEAWATER

d d

CAT

+ d d

AN

  • Source: M. Tedesco et al., Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 49, pp. 404-424, 2012

36

Experimental & modelling achievements

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

slide-37
SLIDE 37

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

Process Modelling Approach

AEM CEM AEM CEM AEM CEM

Electrode Rinse Solution Electrode Rinse Solution

CEM

BRINE IN SEAWATER IN BRINE OUT External load SEAWATER OUT

C A T H O D E

(+)

A N O D E (-)

High-hierarchy model (stack):

  • parasitic currents through

manifolds

  • stack resistance
  • stack voltage
  • Pressure drops
  • power density (gross/net)

37

Experimental & modelling achievements

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

slide-38
SLIDE 38

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

Process Modelling validation

Model calibration with variable feed concentration

Experimental (points) and simulated (lines) data for a 50-cells stack equipped with Fujifilm membranes, Deukum 270 μm spacers; feed flow velocity: 1 cm/s; T=20°C. Blank resistance: 0.4 Ω.

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

Power density, Pd (W/m2 cell pair) External current, Iext (A)

0.1 M 0.3 M 0.5 M 0.7 M 0.9 M 1.0 M

CHIGH=5 M v = 1 cm/s CLOW

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

Power density, Pd (W/m2 cell pair) External current, Iext (A)

5 M 4 M 2.86 M 1.96 M 1 M

CLOW=0.55 M v = 1 cm/s CHIGH

38

Experimental & modelling achievements

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

slide-39
SLIDE 39

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

Prediction of dependences

39

Influence of feed T & concentration

0.5 0.5 1 1 1 1.5 1 . 5 1 . 5 2 2 2 2 2 2.5 2.5 2.5 2 . 5 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3.5 3 . 5 3.5 3.5 4 4 4.03 Max Power density (W/m2 cell pair) HIGH concentration (mol/l) LOW concentration (mol/l) 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55

50 cell pairs v = 1 cm/s

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Max Power density, Pd,max (W/m2 cell pair) diluate concentration, CLOW (mol/l)

T=20°C T=30°C T=40°C

N = 50 cells CHIGH = 4.8 M v = 1 cm/s T

BEST conditions: brackish water (0.05 – 0.1 M) + brine (4 – 5 M)

Simulations of a 50-cells stack equipped with Fujifilm membranes, Deukum spacers; fluid velocity inside channels: 1 cm/s; T=20°C. Blank resistance: 0.4 Ω.

seawater brine river water seawater

Max Pd= 5.3 W/m2 (+31%)

Experimental & modelling achievements

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

slide-40
SLIDE 40

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

Further model developments

40

Experimental & modelling achievements

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

2D model implementation

1D Model 2D Model LOW flow ∆ x L HIGH, LOW flows ∆ x ∆ y L HIGH flow

𝐵𝑡𝑞𝑓𝑑𝑢 𝑆𝑏𝑢𝑗𝑝 = 𝐼𝐽𝐻𝐼 𝑞𝑏𝑢ℎ 𝑚𝑓𝑜𝑕ℎ𝑢(𝑀) 𝑀𝑃𝑋 𝑞𝑏𝑢ℎ 𝑚𝑓𝑜𝑕ℎ𝑢(𝑐)

b Co-current flow Cross flow

slide-41
SLIDE 41

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

41

Analysed scenarious

Scenario # Stack size (cm) N° cell pairs Notes

1 22 X 22 100 Reference case (small prototype) 2 22 X 22 500 Larger number of cell pairs 3 44 X 44 500 symmetrical stack 4 22 X 88 500 asymmetrical stack, AR = 4 5 44 X 88 500 asymmetrical stack, AR = 2 6 22 x 88 500 asymmetrical stack, different velocity (vLOW = 1 cm/s, vHIGH = 2 cm/s) Operating conditions:

  • HIGH concentration:

5 M NaCl

  • LOW concentration:

0.1 M NaCl

  • Temperature :

30°C

  • Fluid velocity:

1 cm/s (except for scenario # 6)

The REAPower prototype

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

Prototype plant simulations outcomes

Experimental & modelling achievements

slide-42
SLIDE 42

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

4.93 4.87 4.72 4.79 4.54 4.95 4.81 4.76 4.64 4.70 4.46 4.72 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Gross and Net Power Density (W/m2) scenario #

Max Pd Max Pd,net

42

Gross and Net power density (W/m2 cell pair)

Simulations of stacks equipped with Fujifilm membranes, 270 µm woven spacers; CLOW = 0.1 M; CHIGH = 5 M; T=30°C.

22x22 100 cp 22x22 500 cp 44x44 500 cp 22x88 500 cp 44x88 500 cp 22x88 500 cp

24 118 457 464 879 479 23 115 449 455 864 457 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1 2 3 4 5 6

Gross and Net Power (W) scenario #

Power Net Power

22x22 100 cp 22x22 500 cp 44x44 500 cp 22x88 500 cp 44x88 500 cp 22x88 500 cp The REAPower prototype

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

Prototype plant simulations outcomes

Experimental & modelling achievements

slide-43
SLIDE 43

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

43

0.14 0.13 0.26 0.53 0.50 0.27 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Brine yield (kWh/m3) scenario #

Simulations of stacks equipped with Fujifilm membranes, 270 µm woven spacers; CLOW = 0.1 M; CHIGH = 5 M; T=30°C.

22x22 100 cp 22x22 500 cp 44x44 500 cp 22x88 500 cp 44x88 500 cp 22x88 500 cp The REAPower prototype

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

Process yield (kWh/m3 of brine)

Prototype plant simulations outcomes

Experimental & modelling achievements

slide-44
SLIDE 44

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

Implementation of the prototype plant simulator

44

Experimental & modelling achievements

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

The REAPower prototype

slide-45
SLIDE 45

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

45

Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

Implementation of the prototype plant simulator

slide-46
SLIDE 46

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

Analysis of plant layouts: stacks arrangement

46

LAYOUT 1: serial arrangement LAYOUT 2: parallel arrangement LAYOUT 3: hybrid serial-parallel

The REAPower prototype

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

Experimental & modelling achievements

slide-47
SLIDE 47

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

47

Simulations of 3 stacks (500 cells) equipped with Fujifilm membranes 44×44 cm2 and 270 μm woven spacers; CHIGH = 5 M; QHIGH =29.4 lt/min; make-up of brackish water, QMU = 40 lt/min, CMU = 0.03 M.

REAPower final TARGET: 1000 W

The REAPower prototype

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

Analysis of plant layouts: simulation results

Experimental & modelling achievements

slide-48
SLIDE 48

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

The REAPower prototype: installation, commissioning and testing

48

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

The REAPower prototype

slide-49
SLIDE 49

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

Project scheduling and units scaling-up

  • lab stack

(10x10cm2 , 50 cell pairs)

  • large lab stack

(20x20 cm2 x 100 cell pairs)

  • Very small prototype stack

(22x22 cm2, 109 cell pairs)

  • Small prototype stack

(44x44 cm2 , 125 cell pairs)

  • Large prototype stack

(44x44 cm2 , 500 cell pairs)

  • Final prototype system

(3 large prototype stacks)

The REAPower prototype

49

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

Laboratory tests performed on lab-scale units (Oct. 2012 – Dec. 2013) Prototype construction, installation and testing (Sept. 2013 – Sept. 2014)

slide-50
SLIDE 50

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

The REAPower prototype installation site

50

The singular framework of Trapani saltworks

Prototype installation site

The REAPower prototype

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

slide-51
SLIDE 51

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

Direct access to both saturated brine and seawater from open channels Installation place within an old, restructured WINDMILL

The REAPower prototype installation site

51

The “Ettore-Infersa” saltworks

The REAPower prototype

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

slide-52
SLIDE 52

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

Site features

  • Availability of both sea & brackish water;
  • Brine availability: 10-15 m3/h (larger with feed-recycle);
  • Brine concentration: variable between 250 and 320 gr/lt.

Prototype features

  • Total cell pair surface: from 5 to more than 200 m2 (3 stacks under testing);
  • Expected power density: > 3 W/m2;
  • Expected power output in real operating conditions: from 500 to 800W

Prototype installation: plant specifications

52

The REAPower prototype

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

slide-53
SLIDE 53

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

Site preparation

53

Site preparation, piping & auxiliary systems installation

 About 1 km pipes installed for the three feed solutions intakes  4 m3 tanks adopted for buffering the availability of brackish water  Cartridge filters as the only feed solutions pre-treatment  Membrane or centrifugal pumps in techno-polymeric materials installed

The REAPower prototype

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

(Dec. 2013 – Feb. 2014)

slide-54
SLIDE 54

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

Prototype test-rig and control system

54

Inlet solutions Outlet solutions Electrodic solution stack

The REAPower prototype

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

(Jul. 2013 –

  • Feb. 2014)
slide-55
SLIDE 55

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

Prototype commissioning

55

The REAPower prototype

MARCH 2014

First stack: 22x22 cm2, 109 cell pairs

slide-56
SLIDE 56

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

56

The REAPower prototype

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

Prototype commissioning

APRIL 2014

Second stack: 44x44 cm2, 125 cell pairs

slide-57
SLIDE 57

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

57

The REAPower prototype

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

Feed s treams Conductivity [mS/cm] Flow rate [lt/min] Temperature [°C] Power output [W] Natural or artificial brine 180-230 4-16 25-30 40-60 Natural or artificial brackis h water 1-6 4-16 22-25

Testing with natural and artificial solutions April 2014 – August 2014

Prototype operations and testing

Second stack: 44x44 cm2, 125 cell pairs Further details on the REAPower prototype activities will be given by Michele Tedesco, today at 15:10

slide-58
SLIDE 58

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

58

The REAPower prototype

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

August 2014

Prototype scaling-up

small prototype 44 x 44 cm2 125 cell pairs large prototypes 44 x 44 cm2 500 cell pairs

Almost 220m2 of cell pairs installed System under testing

slide-59
SLIDE 59

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

REAPower workshop and prototype visiting

59

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

To visit the pilot site, contact us: andrea.cipollina@unipa.it

slide-60
SLIDE 60

Thank you for your attention

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica (DICGIM)

www.reapower.eu

slide-61
SLIDE 61

The REAPower Project Technological advances Experimental & modelling achievements The REAPower prototype

Process Flow Diagram & recycle option

Instruments Tanks

T-1

Open sea/channel SEAWATER Discharge channel BRINE basins well BRACKISH WATER

SGP-RE UNIT

P-2 T-3 T-2 Self-cleaning filter - 1 V-4 8 V-2 17 P-1 Self-cleaning filter - 2 V-3 brine V-1 16 18 V-5 Brackish water 11 12 P-5 13 14 3 V-11 4 V-12 To channel brine seawater 2 7 Backwashing water FI-4 FI-10 HCl P-6 15 FI-13 To channel

REMARKS: · Two feed tanks · Electrode solution: FeCl2/FeCl3 · Recycle of both solutions

P-3 P-4 V-8 PR-1 9 V-10 V-9 To channel To channel Diluted recycle V-6 V-14 V-13 6 V-7 10 V-15 V-16 waste P T C C T P pH P T C T C P T C

Layout 4

Brine recycle

Centrifugal pump Rotary pump Proportioning pump Check valve Membrane valve Ball valve Float valve Flowmeter

PH P C T

Conductivity indicator pH indicator Temperature indicator Pressure indicator Pressure reducer T-1 for brackishwater/seawater T-2 for brine T-3 for electrode solution

Backwashing water

4. Perspectives

61

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

slide-62
SLIDE 62

2nd International Conference on Salinity Gradient Energy, 10-12 September 2014 Leeuwarden (The Netherlands)

EuroMed 2015 Desalination for Clean Water and Energy Palermo, Italy, 10-14 May 2015

Thank you for your attention

Andrea Cipollina andrea.cipollina@unipa.it

62