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Post-installation Analysis of Locally Manufactured Small Wind Turbines: Case Studies in Peru IEEE ICSET 2012 24 th 27 th September 2012 J. Leary 1 , R. Howell 1 , A. While 1 , J. Chiroque 2 , K. VerKamp 3 , C. Pinedo 3 1 E-futures DTC,

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Post-installation Analysis of Locally Manufactured Small Wind Turbines: Case Studies in Peru IEEE ICSET 2012

24th – 27th September 2012

  • J. Leary1, R. Howell1, A. While1, J. Chiroque2, K. VerKamp3, C. Pinedo3

1E-futures DTC, University of Sheffield, UK 2Soluciones Prácticas, Peru 3WindAid, Peru

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IEEE ICSET, 24th-27th Sept 2012 | J. Leary, R. Howell, A. While, J. Chiroque, K. VerKamp, C. Pinedo | jon.leary@sheffield.ac.uk

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IEEE ICSET, 24th-27th Sept 2012 | J. Leary, R. Howell, A. While, J. Chiroque, K. VerKamp, C. Pinedo | jon.leary@sheffield.ac.uk

Aims.

  • Develop a theoretical framework to

describe the socio-technical system surrounding a small wind turbine in a remote community

  • Analyse post-installation performance of

two organisations:

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IEEE ICSET, 24th-27th Sept 2012 | J. Leary, R. Howell, A. While, J. Chiroque, K. VerKamp, C. Pinedo | jon.leary@sheffield.ac.uk

  • Local manufacture?

Introduction.

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IEEE ICSET, 24th-27th Sept 2012 | J. Leary, R. Howell, A. While, J. Chiroque, K. VerKamp, C. Pinedo | jon.leary@sheffield.ac.uk

Case studies in Peru.

LIMA TRUJILLO CAJAMARCA HUAMACHUCO

image adapted from [1], original data from [2]

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IEEE ICSET, 24th-27th Sept 2012 | J. Leary, R. Howell, A. While, J. Chiroque, K. VerKamp, C. Pinedo | jon.leary@sheffield.ac.uk

  • Peruvian branch of Practical Action
  • Employs 100+ Peruvians
  • Appropriate technology specialists
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IEEE ICSET, 24th-27th Sept 2012 | J. Leary, R. Howell, A. While, J. Chiroque, K. VerKamp, C. Pinedo | jon.leary@sheffield.ac.uk

  • Social enterprise

– 2006: Founded by American entrepreneur – 2009: Volunteer programme begins

  • 5 week programme –

4 construction, 1 installation

  • Turbine donated to

rural community

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IEEE ICSET, 24th-27th Sept 2012 | J. Leary, R. Howell, A. While, J. Chiroque, K. VerKamp, C. Pinedo | jon.leary@sheffield.ac.uk

IT-PE-100/SP-500 Turbine Model WIndAid 2.5kW 300/1,000W (@11m/s) Rated Power (@Rated Wind Speed) 1,900W (11m/s) 548/1,807kWh Rated Annual Energy Yield 2,541kWh Household/Community building Typical Application Community building

Turbine technical specifications.

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IEEE ICSET, 24th-27th Sept 2012 | J. Leary, R. Howell, A. While, J. Chiroque, K. VerKamp, C. Pinedo | jon.leary@sheffield.ac.uk

  • Database of incidents

– Date of incident – System downtime – Failed part

Methodology.

– Details of fault – Root cause of fault – Spare part supply location

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IEEE ICSET, 24th-27th Sept 2012 | J. Leary, R. Howell, A. While, J. Chiroque, K. VerKamp, C. Pinedo | jon.leary@sheffield.ac.uk

Data sources.

Maintenance log kept by

  • perator/administrator

Data source Interviews with WindAid technical staff El Alumbre (35) Communities (No. Turbines) El Olivo (1), Paranchique (1), La Florida (1), Canlle (1), San Carlos (1), Nueva Manzanilla (1) Installation (Jan 2008 – Jan 2009) until October 2010 Time period Installation (June 2009 – October 2011) until December 2011

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IEEE ICSET, 24th-27th Sept 2012 | J. Leary, R. Howell, A. While, J. Chiroque, K. VerKamp, C. Pinedo | jon.leary@sheffield.ac.uk

Results.

2008 2009 2010 2011

Uptime for Turbines in El Alumbre

Operating Out of service 2009 2010 2011 2012

Uptime for All WindAid Turbines

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IEEE ICSET, 24th-27th Sept 2012 | J. Leary, R. Howell, A. While, J. Chiroque, K. VerKamp, C. Pinedo | jon.leary@sheffield.ac.uk

Results.

20 40 60 80 100 50 100 150 200 250 300 Soluciones Prácticas WindAid Percentage Days

Mean Time Between Failure, MTBF (Days) Mean Time To Return, MTTR (Days) Availability (%)

High MTBF → Reliable Reliability Low MTBF → Unreliable Low MTTR → Resilient Resilience High MTTR → Not Resilient High Availability Overall Performance Low Availability

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IEEE ICSET, 24th-27th Sept 2012 | J. Leary, R. Howell, A. While, J. Chiroque, K. VerKamp, C. Pinedo | jon.leary@sheffield.ac.uk

  • Critical factors for high availability:

– Environment – Design – Manufacturing Quality – Socio-technical System

Analysis.

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IEEE ICSET, 24th-27th Sept 2012 | J. Leary, R. Howell, A. While, J. Chiroque, K. VerKamp, C. Pinedo | jon.leary@sheffield.ac.uk

Responsibilities.

Responsibilities Research

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IEEE ICSET, 24th-27th Sept 2012 | J. Leary, R. Howell, A. While, J. Chiroque, K. VerKamp, C. Pinedo | jon.leary@sheffield.ac.uk

Responsibilities.

Advanced Corrective Maintenance Responsibilities Research

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IEEE ICSET, 24th-27th Sept 2012 | J. Leary, R. Howell, A. While, J. Chiroque, K. VerKamp, C. Pinedo | jon.leary@sheffield.ac.uk

Responsibilities.

Basic Corrective Maintenance Advanced Corrective Maintenance Responsibilities Research

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IEEE ICSET, 24th-27th Sept 2012 | J. Leary, R. Howell, A. While, J. Chiroque, K. VerKamp, C. Pinedo | jon.leary@sheffield.ac.uk

Responsibilities.

Advanced Preventative Maintenance Basic Corrective Maintenance Advanced Corrective Maintenance Responsibilities Research

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IEEE ICSET, 24th-27th Sept 2012 | J. Leary, R. Howell, A. While, J. Chiroque, K. VerKamp, C. Pinedo | jon.leary@sheffield.ac.uk

Responsibilities.

Basic Preventative Maintenance (Condition Monitoring) Advanced Preventative Maintenance Basic Corrective Maintenance Advanced Corrective Maintenance Responsibilities Research

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IEEE ICSET, 24th-27th Sept 2012 | J. Leary, R. Howell, A. While, J. Chiroque, K. VerKamp, C. Pinedo | jon.leary@sheffield.ac.uk

Actors & responsibilities.

Basic Preventative Maintenance (Condition Monitoring) Advanced Preventative Maintenance Basic Corrective Maintenance Advanced Corrective Maintenance Research Institution Manufacturer Non-governmental Organisation Operator/Administrator End-user Service Centre Responsibilities Actors Research

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IEEE ICSET, 24th-27th Sept 2012 | J. Leary, R. Howell, A. While, J. Chiroque, K. VerKamp, C. Pinedo | jon.leary@sheffield.ac.uk

Location of actors.

National/ international Regional Community Household Research Institution Manufacturer Non-governmental Organisation Operator/Administrator End-user Service Centre Actors

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IEEE ICSET, 24th-27th Sept 2012 | J. Leary, R. Howell, A. While, J. Chiroque, K. VerKamp, C. Pinedo | jon.leary@sheffield.ac.uk

Ideal socio-technical system.

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IEEE ICSET, 24th-27th Sept 2012 | J. Leary, R. Howell, A. While, J. Chiroque, K. VerKamp, C. Pinedo | jon.leary@sheffield.ac.uk

Research

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IEEE ICSET, 24th-27th Sept 2012 | J. Leary, R. Howell, A. While, J. Chiroque, K. VerKamp, C. Pinedo | jon.leary@sheffield.ac.uk

Research.

  • 10yrs wind
  • 25yrs renewable energy

R&D

  • 5yrs
  • Strong links: UPC, Spain

PUCP, Peru ISF, Spain Links with research institutions

  • Establishing links with

local universities

  • WindEmpowerment
  • Repair logs
  • Dataloggers
  • Surveys on end-user

satisfaction Follow-up studies

  • No record of failures &

little follow-up work

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IEEE ICSET, 24th-27th Sept 2012 | J. Leary, R. Howell, A. While, J. Chiroque, K. VerKamp, C. Pinedo | jon.leary@sheffield.ac.uk

Advanced corrective maintenance.

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IEEE ICSET, 24th-27th Sept 2012 | J. Leary, R. Howell, A. While, J. Chiroque, K. VerKamp, C. Pinedo | jon.leary@sheffield.ac.uk

Advanced corrective maintenance.

Regional H.Q. Cajamarca H.Q. LIMA Campo Alegre

3h (car/lechero) 1h (car/lechero) (car/lechero) 2h (bus) 16h 1h (car/lechero)

El Alumbre Alto Perú Cajamarca H.Q. TRUJILLO Canlle

(car) 3h 2h (car) (car) 2h 5h (car)

Huamachuco

(car) 4h

La Florida El Olivo

(car) 1h (car) 1h 2h (car)

Nueva Manzanilla San Carlos Paranchique

LIMA TRUJILLO CAJAMARCA HUAMACHUCO

image adapted from [1], original data from [2]

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IEEE ICSET, 24th-27th Sept 2012 | J. Leary, R. Howell, A. While, J. Chiroque, K. VerKamp, C. Pinedo | jon.leary@sheffield.ac.uk

Advanced preventative & basic corrective maintenance.

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IEEE ICSET, 24th-27th Sept 2012 | J. Leary, R. Howell, A. While, J. Chiroque, K. VerKamp, C. Pinedo | jon.leary@sheffield.ac.uk

Advanced preventative & basic corrective maintenance.

  • Elected by members of

community & NGO technical staff Operator/admi nistrator selection

  • Wind committee formed of

prominent community members

  • 3 days technical training

@CEDECAP Knowledge transfer

  • Little technical training given
  • Lowering of tower not

permitted

  • Toolkit & spare parts in

community Supply chain

  • No spares or tools in

community

  • Operator/administrator

receives salary paid from fee collected from end-users Economics

  • Wind committee voluntary.

Collects money for maintenance from end-users

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IEEE ICSET, 24th-27th Sept 2012 | J. Leary, R. Howell, A. While, J. Chiroque, K. VerKamp, C. Pinedo | jon.leary@sheffield.ac.uk

Basic preventative maintenance.

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IEEE ICSET, 24th-27th Sept 2012 | J. Leary, R. Howell, A. While, J. Chiroque, K. VerKamp, C. Pinedo | jon.leary@sheffield.ac.uk

Advanced preventative & basic corrective maintenance.

  • Training sessions in the

community Training sessions

  • Wind Committee receive

no formal training

  • Distributed to all

community members Printed manuals

  • Not used
  • Entire community

participates in installation Installation

  • Entire community

participates in installation

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IEEE ICSET, 24th-27th Sept 2012 | J. Leary, R. Howell, A. While, J. Chiroque, K. VerKamp, C. Pinedo | jon.leary@sheffield.ac.uk

Summary.

  • Time and money invested in

transferring knowledge with the technology

  • Effective socio-technical

system established

  • Reliable & resilient energy

system provides useful service to community

  • Little effort to transfer skills
  • No formal socio-technical

system in place

  • Unreliable and unresilient

system not useful to community → even less likely to perform maintenance

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IEEE ICSET, 24th-27th Sept 2012 | J. Leary, R. Howell, A. While, J. Chiroque, K. VerKamp, C. Pinedo | jon.leary@sheffield.ac.uk

  • An appropriate socio-technical system is

vital to ensure:

– Creation of a reliable & resilient energy system – Empowerment of the end-users

Conclusion.

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IEEE ICSET, 24th-27th Sept 2012 | J. Leary, R. Howell, A. While, J. Chiroque, K. VerKamp, C. Pinedo | jon.leary@sheffield.ac.uk

Further work.

  • Economic consequences

– Cost of training community members & establishing regional service centres vs. Savings from reduced O&M

  • Further case studies:
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IEEE ICSET, 24th-27th Sept 2012 | J. Leary, R. Howell, A. While, J. Chiroque, K. VerKamp, C. Pinedo | jon.leary@sheffield.ac.uk

1. Ferrer-Martí, L., A. Garwood, J. Chiroque, R. Escobar, J. Coello and M. Castro, A Community Small- Scale Wind Generation Project in Peru. Wind Engineering, 2010. 34(3). 2. Meteosim Truewind S.L. Latin Bridge Business S.A. Atlas Eólico del Perú. 2008 [cited 2012 27th March]; Available from: http://dger.minem.gob.pe/atlaseolico/PeruViento.html 3. IEA, World Energy Outlook, 2010, International Energy Agency (IEA): Paris. 4. Khennas, S., S. Dunnett, and H. Piggott, Small Wind Systems for Rural Energy Services 2008, Rugby, UK: Practical Action Publishing. 5. Leary, J., A. While, and R. Howell, Locally manufactured wind power technology for sustainable rural

  • electrification. Energy Policy, 2012. 43: p. 173-183.

6. Vanheule, L., Small Wind Turbines in Kenya - An Analysis with Strategic Niche Management, in Department of Technology Dynamics & Sustainable Development, 2012, Delft University of Technology: Delft, The Netherlands. 7. US DoE, Establishing an In-House Wind Maintenance Program, 2011, US Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency & Renewable, Energy Wind and Water Power Program. 8. Chiroque, J. and C. Dávila, Microaerogenerador IT-PE-100 Para Electrificación Rural, 2008, Soluciones Prácticas: Lima, Perú. 9. Chiroque, J., T. Sánchez, and C. Dávila, Microaerogeneradores de 100 y 500 W. Modelos IT-PE-100 y SP -500, 2008, Soluciones Prácticas: Lima, Peru. 10. Piggott, H., A Wind Turbine Recipe Book2009, Scoraig, Scotland: Scoraig Wind Electric. 11. Bennett, C., M. Gleditsch, and P. Carvalho Neves, Assessment of the role of wind turbines in blueEnergy’s portfolio, 2011, blueEnergy: Bluefields, Nicaragua. 12. Ferrer-Martí, L., J. Sempere, et al. (2010). El Alumbre, Campo Alegre and Alto Peru: Evaluating and Comparing three Community Small-Scale Wind Generation Project. International Workshop on Small Wind Energy for Developing Countries. Pokhara, Nepal.

References.

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IEEE ICSET, 24th-27th Sept 2012 | J. Leary, R. Howell, A. While, J. Chiroque, K. VerKamp, C. Pinedo | jon.leary@sheffield.ac.uk

  • Thank you for listening

Questions?