Our Sewer System is Nearly Maxed Out The Big Pipe cost $1.44 billion - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Our Sewer System is Nearly Maxed Out The Big Pipe cost $1.44 billion - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Aug 18, 2022 167 likes •812 views

Our Sewer System is Nearly Maxed Out The Big Pipe cost $1.44 billion and captures 96% of sewer overflows Capturing another 3% of overflows would cost an additional $300+ million Nancy Rommelmann, The Oregonian "Portland's $1.4 billion Big

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Nancy Rommelmann, The Oregonian

Capturing another 3% of overflows would cost an additional $300+ million The Big Pipe cost $1.44 billion and captures 96% of sewer overflows

"Portland's $1.4 billion Big Pipe project comes to an end after 20 years" Beth Slovic, The Oregonian, Nov. 25th, 2011 http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2011/11/portlands_14_billion_big_pipe.html

Our Sewer System is Nearly Maxed Out

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“Infrastructure” 49.1m and “Operational Issues” 50.5m pg 240 & 241, City of Portland, OR FY2010-2011 budget 13.9m cost of treatment plant: <http://www.portlandonline.com/bes/index.cfm?c=29323&a=265796> "Portland Sewer Rates Lack 3rd Party Check" Janie Har, The Oregonian, March 27 2010 http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2010/03/portland_sewer_water_rates_lac.html “Take Your City and Shove it” page 12 Portland Mercury: Oct. 14, 2010

Portland's Sewerage Operations and Maintenance Costs Portland high sewer rates are second only to Redmond, WA. In 2010, sewer fees ranked second in complaints sent to the mayor's office.

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35% of Portland's stormwater is handled by bioswales, constructed wetlands, permeable pavement, and downspouts with rainwater gardens. 39% of Portland's stormwater is handled by sewers.

"New Strategies for Controlling Stormwater Overflows", Linda Baker, Governing Magazine, February 2011 http://www.governing.com/topics/energy-env/New-Strategies-Controlling-Stormwater-Overflows.html images from: "BIOFILTERS" Dennis Jurries, DEQ NW Region, January 2003. http://www.deq.state.or.us/wq/stormwater/docs/nwr/biofilters.pdf

Decentralized Treatment Makes Sense

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San Franscisco Greywater Design Manual, 2011

Graywater Reuse

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San Franscisco Greywater Design Manual, 2011 Photo Credit: Josh Lowe

Graywater Reuse

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Graywater Fees

Tier 2

$534 $50 <1,200 gal/day

Tier 1

application: $50 renewal: $40 <300 gal/day

Tier 3

$545-2,723 $341-817 doesn't fit tier 1 or 2 t

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Shared Graywater Systems

Tier 1

application: $50 renewal: $40 <300 gal/day

Tier 3

$1,500 $800 doesn't fit tier 1 or 2 t Application Fee for 30 households costs $50/household Renewal fees: A system for 20 households costs $40/household

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Onsite Sewage Disposal Systems

the systems formerly known as

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Onsite Sewage Disposal Systems Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems

now known as

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Figures 1, 2 "Occurence and Concentration of Caffeine in Oregon Coastal Waters" Rodriguez del Rey

  • et. al., Marine Pollution Bulletin 64 (2012) 1417-1424

"Disposal" is a myth Caffeine on the Oregon Coast:

caffeine detected caffeine not detected

caffeine was found in highest concentrations after storms, not correlated with wastewater treatment plant locations.

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What is the future of onsite?

"Passive, natural systems designs offer a more robust alternative, use the least amount of energy of any OWT system, and exhibit treatment performance equivalent to centralized plants" (Oakley, Stewart 1529).

■ Design for beneficial reuse ■ Cost will always be a deciding factor ■ Performance Based Rules

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Performance Based Codes

  • Verifies treatment to protect environmental

and human health

  • Encourages innovation
  • Grow Oregon's green technology sector
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Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems

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1 2 3 4

sources: (1, 2) Hidenori Harada 2010 , (3)Colors Magazine 82, James Mollison, Moosburg, Germany, (4) SuSanA Secretariat.

Beneficial Reuse of Solids

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Groundwater Recharge

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Assumed Plumes Determining Setbacks

groundwater flow

Saskatchewan Watershed Authority.SH/SWA H01-2009, Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems in Subdivisions, Pg 22.

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Assumed Plumes

groundwater flow

Actual Plumes

Saskatchewan Watershed Authority.SH/SWA H01-2009, Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems in Subdivisions, Pg 22. US EPA, Onsite Systems Treatment Manual. Revised 2002, 3-25. US EPA Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems

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Wastewater:

  • nutrients
  • pathogens
  • emerging pollutants
  • feces & urine
  • food wastes
  • washing soaps
  • washing chemicals
  • cleaning chemicals
  • personal care products
  • pharmaceuticals
  • misc. micropollutants

Concerns:

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}

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The Dangers of Nitrates

Sasha Trubetskoy:Eutrophication at a waste water

  • utlet in the Potomac River, Washington, D.C.,

Wikimedia:Potomac_green_water.JPG

Eutrophication "dead zones"

"Workgroup Report: Drinking-Water Nitrate and Health—Recent Findings and Research Needs" M.H. Ward, et al. Environ Health Perspect. 2005 November; 113

(11): 1607–1614

Cancers and health complications

Health problems correlated with nitrogen concentrations in drinking water below the EPA's maximum contaminant level of 10mg/L.

  • Stomach, bladder, colon, and ovarian

cancer

  • increased blood pressure and acute

respiratory tract infections in children

  • Birth defects: congentital

malformations, particularly of the nervous system

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Dealing with Nitrates: let plants do it

SH/SWA H01-2009, Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems in Subdivisions, Pg 22.

"The organic soils and vegetation in riparian zones can reduce nitrate concentrations dramatically within very short distances... From 65 mg/L down to 3 mg/L... passing through 3 meters of vegetated riparian zone"

  • Saskatchewan Watershed Authority 2009
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Feces: based on 843g/week, pg 2358 Digestive Diseases and Sciences, Vol. 43, No. 11: 1998 Urine: based on 2 pintsday pg 118 Integral Urban House, Helga Olkowski et. al. Farallones Institute: 1979 Water: based on .9 gal/flush 5 flush/day Caroma dual-flush toilet, Caromausa.com: 2010

In one year you will make:

  • 6 cu ft of urine
  • 1.5 cu ft of feces
  • flushed with a minimum of

220 cu ft of water

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230 liters wastewater per person per day (60 gallons): USEPA 2002: EPA/625/R-00/008, Onsite Treatment Systems Manual, 3.31. 40mg/L nitrogen transported to aquifer: based on 10-40% removal N during infiltration USEPA 2002, Figure 3-17 Human excrement production: 843g/week feces: Digestive Diseases and Sciences, Vol. 43, No. 11: 1998, 2358 2 pints/day urine. Gotaas, Composting-Sanitary Reclamation of Organic Wastes. World Health Organization, Monograph No. 31. Geneva: 1953. Nitrogen transport to aquifer from manure spreading, 5-87mg/L, averaging to 46mg/L: Saskatchewan Watershed Authority 2009: SH/SWA H01-2009, Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems in Subdivisions, Pg 18. 58 liters manure per 1000kg beef cattle: American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 2003: ASE D384.1 FEB03, Manure Production Characteristics, page 683. Full grown Steer 750lb (340kg): Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service: AGEC-579, Steer-Heifer Feeder Cattle Basis by Weight Groups

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Comparing Nitrate Reduction Standards

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Nitrogen in Treated Effluent

20% Septic with Urine Diverting Flush Toilet 18% Septic for washwater with Dry Toilet 16% Septic with Sand Filter & Wood Chip Filter Average Septic System Effluent

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septic tank septic tank with urine diversion septic tank with composting toilet septic tank with sand filter & woodchip filter

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Septic with Woodchip Filter (Nitrex)

Installation in Harvard, Massachusetts.. Lombardo Associates.

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Septic with Woodchip Filter (Nitrex)

Diagram of Nitrex passive sand and wood chip filter system. Lombardo Associates.

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Septic with Woodchip Filter (Nitrex)

Cost: $20-28,000 Impact: 80-90% nitrogen reduction Potential: Patent expired, may be less expensive to construct on site. Problems: not legal without WPCF permit (difficult) Nitrex being shipped from massachusetts

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Septic Tank with Urine Diverting Toilet

Costs: $3,900-6,500 for retrofit with existing septic. $150-300/ year for once a year pumping of urine and septic. Impact: Reduces nitrogen in effluent by 80%. Potential: Low cost means to meet strict nitrogen standards. Urine can be used as fertilizer. Problems: not recognized as a nitrogen reducing system

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User Acceptance of Urine Diversion

Peter-Fröhlich, Bonhomme, Oldenburg, 2007. “Sanitation Concepts for Separate treatment of Urine, Faeces, and Greywater (SCST)- Results. Berlin: Kompentzzentrum Wasser Berlin.

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Dry Composting Toilet

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Dry Composting Toilet

Cost: $1,200-6,000 +2/3 scale septic system Impact: 80-90% nitrogen reduction Potential: lowest cost system for nitrogen reduction. Problems: not recognized as a nitrogen reducing system in Oregon, must be coupled with septic.

Vera Environmental’s “Carousel” Dry Toilet www.vera.no

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Graywater and infiltration system

Potential: less expensive than septic system for graywater treatment. Problems: must be coupled with a redundant septic system.

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Treatment Infiltration Drainage Prefabricated filters Spray filters Chemical precipitation Phosphorus filter Large phosphoric filters Mini Sewage Holding Tank Toilets Urine diverting dry toilet Compost toilets Combustion Toilet Dry toilets Common WC Extremely low-flush toilet Vacuum Toilet Urine diverting flush toilet Pre-Treatment Septic tank

Approved Onsite Components

Sweden’s One Stop Shop for Onsite Education:

Sweden’s Performance Requirements

normal areas: 70% reduction in P & Reuse if possible high risk areas: 90% P reduction, 50% N reduction and Reuse if possible Environmental Protection Agency’s general advice to small drainage devices, NFS 2006:7 Finishing Biofilterdike Resorptionsdike Precipitation Wetland / pond Irrigation Rootzone infiltration Infiltration Drainage

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Jetsgroup 2009

Vacuum Flush System

Problems: Cluster systems not permitted by Planning Bureau and requires variance from Plumbing Code. Potential: Uses 1/5 the water of ultra low flow toilets. More concentrated effluent lowers treatment costs.

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Wostman Ecology's Vacuum Flush ''EcoVac"

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2" piping allows for easier installation

Roedigger 2007.

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Gloskow, Poland. vacuum station. Roedigger. roevac. com Vacuum Sewers along the Rhine in

  • Germany. Roevac.com
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Operations and Maintenance in France

Intestinale Members, France

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Portable Dry Toilets

Cost: 10-20% higher than portable chemical wet toilets. Impact: All nutrients can be reused through composting instead of adding to treatment plant. Potential: Lower treatment costs. Diversifies income for dry toilet installers. Builds O&M competence for composting systems. Problems: Limited treatment facilities in Oregon.

Biocappi portable dry toilets. Yverdon, Switzerland. Photo by Molly Danielsson.

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1m3 portable dry toilets, Lausanne, Switzerland.

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Portable Vacuum Toilets

Cost: Ultra high-end

Image Credit: Flexiloo UK

Barriers: none

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Fact sheets Case Studies Information on Codes Tour Updates www.recodeoregon.org

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What Can You Do?

Let the DEQ Onsite Department know you support a change towards performance based codes. ○ Comment on DEQ's rule changes for the onsite septic system rules.

www.deq.state.or.us/wq/onsite/onsite.htm

○ Install a permitted graywater, site built composting toilet, or foreign manufactured composting toilet. Let us know how the codes work for you ○ Find out more at recodeoregon.org

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Pharmaceuticals in Excreta

urine (on average 65-70% of pharmaceuticals are excreted through urine), feces (30-35% is excreted in feces), It depends on the drug how much will pass through your system from 5-100%.

Current Research Questions about Pharmaceuticals in Our Waterways:

Which human pharmaceuticals adversely affect aquatic organisms, and what are those effects? Do mixtures of pharmaceuticals cause effects that individual pharmaceuticals do not? Could pharmaceuticals interact with other chemicals present in the environment to cause unexpected effects.? Are some pharmaceuticals partially degraded in the environment to “dead-end” transformation products, and do any of these cause effects?

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