Marine Terminal Data Tioga Available marine terminal data Volume - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Truck Drayage Metrics

Frank Harder The Tioga Group, Inc.

AAPA/EDF Environmental Performance Metrics Workshop October 10, 2012

www.tiogagroup.com/215-557-2142

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Key Questions and Answers Key questions

• Where are the drayage bottlenecks and delays?
• How do we measure them?
• How do we evaluate solutions?

Answers

• Congestion and exceptions cause most delays
• The bottlenecks are in the terminal gate, container

yard, and chassis pool

• Terminal, trucker, and wencam data provide metrics
• EPA’s SmartWay DrayFLEET model is the key

evaluation tool

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Example – Hooking Up a Chassis

Can we save an average of 2.4 minutes? For 6 million annual chassis hook-ups at LALB marine terminals, that’s $4.6 million, 100 CY parking slots, 12 tons of NOx, and 1053 tons of CO2

NOTE - TIMES STRICTLY FOR ILLUSTRATION

Minutes Frequency Minimal time 7 10% Planned Time 10 45% Congested Time 30 40% Exception Time 90 5% Weighted Average 21.7 100% Minutes Frequency Minimal time 7 10% Planned Time 10 48% Congested Time 30 40% Exception Time 90 2% Weighted Average 19.3 100% Hooking Up Chassis - Current Hooking Up Chassis - Improved

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Marine Terminal Data

Available marine terminal data

• Volume
• Transaction characteristics
• Gate times
• Trouble tickets

Metrics from available data

• Turn times and distribution - by terminal

condition, time, or transaction characteristic

• Peaking – daily, weekly, seasonally
• Trouble ticket rates – by driver, ocean carrier,
• r marine carrier
• Chassis selection time

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Terminal Congestion

Terminal data (which exclude ingate queues) show a strong increase in turn times above 1100 daily trips

Import Deliveries vs. Non-Trouble Turn Time - 2008 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100 Daily Import Volume Turn Time Minutes

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Data on Exceptions

TROUBLE TICKETS 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 New BARE CHASSIS not allowed Trucker Contract with line Expired No load receipt for containers until %S. New FULL Container not allowed Must Be on Hired New empty to be ON-HIRED EMPTY Container Not Allowed Empty to yard position Bill of Lading held by line operator: Booking tally reached Booking not on File Container number unknown Booking size/Type required 2008 2007

Exceptions – “trouble tickets” – appear to be chiefly process and information issues

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Motor Carrier Data Available motor carrier data

• GPS/AVL Data
• Dispatch practices
• Survey results

Metrics from available data

• Turn times and distribution– including queue

time outside gate

• Understanding of dispatch patterns
• Corroboration of findings from other data

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Total Turn Times – GPS Data

30-90 minute norm with a 5% “tail” of exceptions

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18% 20% 0-15 15-30 30-45 45-60 60-75 75-90 90-105 105-120 120-135 135-150 150-165 165-180 180-195 195-210 210-225 225-240 240-255 255-270 270-285 285-300

Example Terminal Turn Time Port-wide Trucker Turn Time

GPS data show added queue time – avg. around 20 min. 5% of the moves use 14% of the total time and back up the queue

Time Interval - Minutes Percent of Trips

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Total Turn Times – GPS Data

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Webcam Data Available webcam data

• Length of queues outside the gates
• Time at gates

Metrics from available data

• Queuing times – queue time outside gate
• Gate processing times
• Impact of gate closures
• Corroboration of findings from other data

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Vancouver Webcam Example

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0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY

CONGESTION LEVEL

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Gate Queues – Webcam Data

Level 0 - an open lane exists, no wait Level 1 - 1 to 3 trucks in line, 0-15 min. wait Level 2 - 4 to 6 trucks in line, 15-30 min. wait Level 3 - end of line not visible, 30+ min. wait

Long queues in the mornings and for export cut-offs late in the week—Not Vancouver Data

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What does it cost?

Drayage delays are costing $200 million, 14.5 million hours, and 10 million gallons of fuel annually, and emitting 111,000 tons of CO2, 979 tons of NOx, and 18 tons of PM2.5.

Hours Fuel C02 NOx PM 2.5 Cost (million) (million gal.) (tons) (tons) (tons) (million) 2008 National Default 39.10 69.90 782,613 7,678 149 1,440.00 $ 30 vs. 40 Minute Terminal Time (3.17) (1.40) (15,652) (160) (3) (79) $ Change

• 8.10%
• 2.00%
• 2.00%
• 2.09%
• 1.93%
• 5.50%

10 vs. 20 Minute Queue Time (2.66) (1.96) (21,913) (225) (4) (69) $ Change

• 6.80%
• 2.80%
• 2.80%
• 2.93%
• 2.71%
• 4.80%

3% vs. 5% Trouble Tickets (0.31) (0.15) (1,632) (17) (0) (8) $ Change

• 0.80%
• 0.20%
• 0.20%
• 0.22%
• 0.20%
• 0.50%

0% vs. 5% Trouble Tickets (0.78) (0.35) (3,913) (42) (1) (20) $ Change

• 2.00%
• 0.50%
• 0.50%
• 0.55%
• 0.51%
• 1.40%

Idling Control - 50%

• (5.87)

(65,739) (450) (8) (17) $ Change 0.00%

• 8.40%
• 8.40%
• 5.87%
• 5.44%
• 1.20%

100% vs. 20% Neutral Pools (0.78) (0.35) (3,913) (42) (1) (20) $ Change

• 2.00%
• 0.50%
• 0.50%
• 0.55%
• 0.51%
• 1.40%

Trucker-Supplied Chassis (6.10) (4.40) (49,305) (503) (9) (137) $ Change

• 15.60%
• 6.30%
• 6.30%
• 6.56%
• 6.07%
• 9.50%

Combined Strategies (14.50) (9.93) (111,050) (979) (18) (202) $ Change

• 37.08%
• 14.21%
• 14.19%
• 12.75%
• 11.82%
• 14.01%

Scenario

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EPA DrayFLEET Modeling

• Develop a planning-level emissions and drayage activity

model that depicts drayage activity in terms of

• VMT
• Emissions
• Cost
• Throughput
• Reflect the impact of changing management practices,

terminal operations, and cargo volume, including

• Extended gate hours
• Appointment systems
• Chassis pools
• Virtual container yards
• Near-dock or on-dock rail terminals
• Truck retirement/rebuild/replacement programs

DETAILED, ACTIVITY-BASED MODEL WITH FLEXIBLE INPUTS COMPATIBILITY WITH FLEET MODEL, REALISM FOR INDUSTRY CONFIDENCE

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DrayFLEET Version 2.0 Beta of 01/18/12 Primary Inputs Default Scenario

Port Generic

Port

Terminal(s) Non-specific

Calendar Year (Change manually) 2010

Scenario

Annual TEU 2,000,000 2,000,000

BETA Version for evaluation Only

Average TEU per Container 1.75 1.75

This version has internal calculations unhidden and unprote

Inbound Share 50% 50% Inbound Empty Share 5% 5% Outbound Empty Share 25% 25% Rail Intermodal Share 25% 25% Marine Terminals

Date 1/18/2012

Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes 15 15 Average Marine Terminal Min. per Transaction 30 30

Activity Outputs Default Scenario Change % Change

Rail Terminals Annual Activity Weighted Average Miles from Port 5 5 Number of Drayage Trip Legs 2,436,570 2,436,570 0.0% Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes 5 5 Drayage Trip Legs per Container 2.1 2.1 0.0 0.0% Average Rail Yard Min. per Transaction 15 15 Total Drayage VMT 54,510,587 54,510,587 0.0% Container/Chassis Depots Drayage VMT per Container 47.7 47.7 0.0 0.0% Weighted Average Miles from Port 2 2 Fleet Required (FTE Tractors) 1,444 1,444 0.0% Share of Empties Stored at Depots 10% 10% Annual Duty Cycle Totals Container Shippers/Receivers Idle/Stopped Hours 1,865,911 1,865,911 0.0% Weighted Average Miles from Port 25 25 Creep Hours 736,931 736,931 0.0% Weighted Average Crosstown Trip Miles 10 10 Transient Hours 478,276 478,276 0.0% Trucker Yard Operations Cruise Hours 1,199,466 1,199,466 0.0% Weighted Average Miles from Port 10 10 Total Drayage Hours 4,280,584 4,280,584 0.0% Truck Yard share of Port bobtail moves 50% 50% Drayage Hours per Container 3.7 3.7 0.0 0.0% Cost Factors Average Drayage Labor Cost per Hour 15.00 $ 15.00 $

Outputs Default Scenario Change % Change

Average Diesel Fuel Price per Gallon 3.25 $ 3.25 $ Pollutant (annual tons)

Initiative Inputs Default

HC 93.7 93.7

• 0.0%

Port/Terminal Initiatives CO 448.1 448.1

• 0.0%

Stacked Terminal (% stacked) 50% 50% NOx 1,483.6 1,483.6

• 0.0%

On-Dock Rail (% of rail on-dock) 0% 0% PM2.5 101.9 101.9

• 0.0%

Automated Gates (% of gate transactions) 0% 0% CO2 184,986.8 184,986.8

• 0.0%

Extended Gate Hours (% off-peak, 50% max) 0% 0% Fuel Use and Total Cost Container Info System (% used) 0% 0% Fuel - Gallons 17,932,147 17,932,147

• 0.0%

Virtual Container Yard (% available) 0% 0% Total Drayage Cost 187,470,331 $ 187,470,331 $

• $

0.0% Neutral Chassis Pool (% used) 0% 0% Drayage Cost per Container 164 $ 164 $

• $

0.0%

SmartWay DrayFLEET Version 2.0 Primary Inputs & Outputs

2010

DrayFLEET Inputs & Outputs

KEY PORT AND TERMINAL INPUTS MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES CUSTOMER & COST DATA ACTIVITY EMISSIONS COST & FUEL

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DrayFLEET Version 2.0 Beta of 01/18/12 Primary Inputs Default Scenario

Port Seattle 2010 "Rough Guess"

Port

Terminal(s) All

Calendar Year (Change manually) 2010

Scenario No pre-2004 Trucks

Annual TEU 1,835,575 1,835,575

80% Automated Gates

Average TEU per Container 1.75 1.75

80% IT

Inbound Share 50% 50%

50% Neutral Pool

Inbound Empty Share 2% 2.2% Outbound Empty Share 39% 39%

BETA Version for evaluation Only

Rail Intermodal Share 50% 50%

This version has internal calculations unhidden and unprote

Marine Terminals

Date 1/18/2012

Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes 15 15 Average Marine Terminal Min. per Transaction 30 30

Activity Outputs Default Scenario Change % Change

Rail Terminals Annual Activity Weighted Average Miles from Port 5 5 Number of Drayage Trip Legs 1,945,060 1,945,060 0.0% Average Inbound Gate Queue Minutes 5 5 Drayage Trip Legs per Container 1.9 1.9 0.0 0.0% Average Rail Yard Min. per Transaction 15 15 Total Drayage VMT 35,676,217 35,950,006 273,788 0.8% Container/Chassis Depots Drayage VMT per Container 34.0 34.3 0.3 0.8% Weighted Average Miles from Port 2 2 Fleet Required (FTE Tractors) 1,038 1,111 73 7.0% Share of Empties Stored at Depots 10% 10% Annual Duty Cycle Totals Container Shippers/Receivers Idle/Stopped Hours 1,367,557 1,429,163 61,606 4.5% Weighted Average Miles from Port 25 25 Creep Hours 567,155 720,703 153,548 27.1% Weighted Average Crosstown Trip Miles 10 10 Transient Hours 352,365 353,201 836 0.2% Trucker Yard Operations Cruise Hours 790,245 790,245 0.0% Weighted Average Miles from Port 10 10 Total Drayage Hours 3,077,323 3,293,312 215,990 7.0% Truck Yard share of Port bobtail moves 50% 50% Drayage Hours per Container 2.9 3.1 0.2 7.0% Cost Factors Average Drayage Labor Cost per Hour 15.00 $ 15.00 $

Outputs Default Scenario Change % Change

Average Diesel Fuel Price per Gallon 3.25 $ 3.25 $ Pollutant (annual tons)

Initiative Inputs Default

HC 65.3 66.6 1.4 2.1% Port/Terminal Initiatives CO 306.8 310.1 3.3 1.1% Stacked Terminal (% stacked) 50% 50% NOx 1,010.2 1,020.2 10.0 1.0% On-Dock Rail (% of rail on-dock) 0% 0% PM2.5 70.3 73.0 2.6 3.7% Automated Gates (% of gate transactions) 80% 0% CO2 127,277.1 131,990.7 4,713.5 3.7% Extended Gate Hours (% off-peak, 50% max) 0% 0% Fuel Use and Total Cost Container Info System (% used) 80% 0% Fuel - Gallons 12,337,920 12,794,838 456,918 3.7% Virtual Container Yard (% available) 0% 0% Total Drayage Cost 135,983,468 $ 142,507,237 $ 6,523,768 $ 4.8% Neutral Chassis Pool (% used) 50% 0% Drayage Cost per Container 130 $ 136 $ 6 $ 4.8%

SmartWay DrayFLEET Version 2.0 Primary Inputs & Outputs

2010

Example: Terminal Gate Initiatives

1.0 to 3.7% hypothetical 2010 emissions savings

CREATE 2010 PORT DEFAULT “ZERO OUT” GATE TECHNOLOGY SEE THE DIFFERENCE

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Example: Eliminate Pre-2003 Trucks

22-53% hypothetical 2010 emissions savings

Values on this worksheet are not affected by reset macros Scenario

1

Default

1 1 Model Year Age # % Age # % 2010 19 1.4% 19 0% 2009 1 26 2.0% 1 26 0% 2008 2 52 3.9% 2 52 1% 2007 3 67 5.1% 3 67 1% 2006 4 76 5.7% 4 76 1% 2005 5 188 14.2% 5 188 3% 2004 6 382 28.9% 6 382 5% 2003 7 514 38.8% 7 514 7% 2002 8 0.0% 8 677 9% 2001 9 0.0% 9 664 9% 2000 10 0.0% 10 465 6% Technology Retrofits 1999 11 0.0% 11 495 7% 50% 1998 12 0.0% 12 518 7% 50% 1997 13 0.0% 13 610 9% 50% 1996 14 0.0% 14 423 6% Idle Reduction 1995 15 0.0% 15 313 4% % reduction in idle 50% 1994 16 0.0% 16 257 4% Fuel Conservation 1993 17 0.0% 17 443 6% % of fleet 50% 1992 18 0.0% 18 392 5% % of fleet 50% 1991 19 0.0% 19 132 2% % of fleet 50% 1990 20 0.0% 20 90 1% lbs of weight saved 2,000 1989 21 0.0% 21 73 1% % of fleet 50% 1988 22 0.0% 22 73 1% % of fleet 50% 1987 23 0.0% 23 60 1% % of fleet 50% 1986 24 0.0% 24 153 2% % of fleet 50% Total 1,324 100% Total 7,162 100% % of fleet 50%

SmartWay DrayFLEET Version 2.0 - Drayage Fleet Inputs

% of eligible fleet retrofit % of eligible fleet retrofit % of eligible fleet retrofit

Drayage Fleet Technology and Strategy Inputs

Fleet Age Distribution Age Distribution Curves

• 5.0%

0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0% 35.0% 40.0% 45.0% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Age

%

Scenario Default

Same as Default LALB Default Idling Control Strategies Single-Wide Tires Tare Weight Reduction Low Friction Engine Lubricant Direct Drivetrain Speed Management Policy (55 mph) Flow-Through Filter Particulate Filter/Trap Oxidation Catalyst Low Friction Drive Train Lubricant Single Axle Drive (vs. Dual Axle) Automatic Tire Inflation

Activity Outputs Default Scenario Change % Change

Annual Activity Number of Drayage Trip Legs 1,945,060 1,945,060 0.0% Drayage Trip Legs per Container 1.9 1.9 0.0 0.0% Total Drayage VMT 35,676,217 35,676,217 0.0% Drayage VMT per Container 34.0 34.0 0.0 0.0% Fleet Required (FTE Tractors) 1,038 1,038 0.0% Annual Duty Cycle Totals Idle/Stopped Hours 1,367,557 1,367,557 0.0% Creep Hours 567,155 567,155 0.0% Transient Hours 352,365 352,365 0.0% Cruise Hours 790,245 790,245 0.0% Total Drayage Hours 3,077,323 3,077,323 0.0% Drayage Hours per Container 2.9 2.9 0.0 0.0%

Outputs Default Scenario Change % Change

Pollutant (annual tons) HC 65.3 50.6 (14.6)

• 22.4%

CO 306.8 183.3 (123.5)

• 40.2%

NOx 1,010.2 469.3 (540.9)

• 53.5%

PM2.5 70.3 47.6 (22.8)

• 32.4%

CO2 127,277.1 127,675.9 398.8 0.3% Fuel Use and Total Cost Fuel - Gallons 12,337,920 12,376,575 38,655 0.3% Total Drayage Cost 135,983,468 $ 136,109,098 $ 125,629 $ 0.1% Drayage Cost per Container 130 $ 130 $ $ 0.1%

SEE THE DIFFERENCE CHANGE THE FLEET DISTRIBUTION

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Thank you! Questions?

Contacts and Follow-ups

National Cooperative Freight Research Program Report 11: http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/165528.aspx EPA SmartWay DrayFLEET: http://www.epa.gov/smartway/partnership/drayage.htm Tioga website: www.tiogagroup.com Frank Harder: fharder@tiogagroup.com, 215-557-2140