Lesson 12 Man made disaster 12.01 Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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12.01

Lesson 12 Man made disaster

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12.02

Natural Disaster Technological/Man-made Catastrophe

Suddenness

Accelerates quickly and has a defined duration (except with epidemics). Onset can be instantaneous or long term.

Power

Floods have been known to kill more than a million and plagues have been known to kill in the tens of millions. Demonstrated Power is historically inferior, however, the potential power is greater

Predictability Low predictability (complicated

supercomputer processing too many variables); warnings may come too late. Sometimes a proper statistical risk analysis can give a % likelihood of catastrophic outcomes

Low point

Physical storms and non-human triggered epidemics do not have a clear low point Factory explosions and urban/rural community accidents have a well defined low point. Some technological disasters such as human triggered epidemics come without a clear low point

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12.03

• Chemical industry
• Food Processing Industries
• Mines
• Nuclear plants
• Road transportation / chemical disasters
• Offshore platforms/ Oil Platforms
• Construction Sites
• Manufacturing Industries
• Fertilizer industries

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12.04

• LPG , Propane (under pressure in liquid phase)
• Ammonia (under pressure/refrigeration in liquid phase)
• Chlorine (under pressure in liquid phase)
• Hydrogen (under pressure in gases)
• CO + CH4 (under atmosphere )

Hazards in Chemical Industries

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12.05

• Floods : Ministry of Water Resources, CWC
• Cyclones : Indian Meteorological Department
• Earthquakes : Indian Meteorological Department
• Epidemics : Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
• Avian Flu: Ministry of Health, Ministry of Environment,

Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry

• Chemical Disasters : Ministry of Environment and Forests
• Industrial Disasters : Ministry of Labour
• Rail Accidents : Ministry of Railways
• Air Accidents : Ministry of Civil Aviation
• Fire : Ministry of Home Affairs
• Nuclear Incidents : Department of Atomic Energy
• Mine Disasters : Department of Mines

Nodal Agencies for Disaster Management

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12.06

Source courtesy: hrdp-irdm.in

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12.07

Recognize Avoid Isolate Notify

Response

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12.08

Safety Management error

Training Education Motivation Task design

Safety Program Defect

Revise information Collection Analysis Implementation

Command Error

Training Education Motivation Task design

System Defect

Design revision via SOP Regulations Policy letters Statement

Operating Error

Engineering Training Motivation

Mishap

Protecting equipment Barriers Separation

Result

Containment Fire fighting Rescue Evacuation First aid

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12.09

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12.10

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12.11

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12.12

A major emergency can be defined as an accident/ incident that have potential to cause serious injuries or loss of life. Factors causing industrial emergency are:- on-site emergency Human error which are acts of omission or commission by an operator, designer, constructor

• r other person creating a hazard that could possibly result in a release of hazardous or

flammable material. Equipment failure, in which a mechanical, structural or operating failure results in the release of hazardous or flammable material. External Events in which items outside the unit being reviewed affect the operation of the unit to the extent that the release of hazardous or flammable material is possible. External events include upsets on adjacent units affecting the safe operation of the unit (or node) being studied, loss of utilities, and exposure from weather and seismic activit

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12.13

Technical errors are due to

1) design against internal pressure was not based on the worst-case scenarios; 2) relief valve sizing is based on the single-phase flow, which underestimates the sizing of the relief valves; 3) Back pressure is not considered in the sizing of the relief system; 4) stress analysis calculations have not been taken into consideration; 5) standard specifications are not adhered to in the design phase, e.g. the separating distance between the high risk facilities, and between the high risk facility and other facilities, and the drainage system and final discharge location; 6) lack of consideration of alarms to warn the operator in case of any deviations from the normal

• peration;

7) High-risk spots were not identified by detailed process hazard analysis; 8) failure of the instrument to detect the operation deviations and 9) The reliability of control system was not considered in many instances. 2

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12.14

Warnings are the signals to the organization’s management that the plant is not operating in safe conditions. Internal warnings are those errors that occur at the organization and appear as mistakes, violations, near misses, accidents, etc. External warnings are those mistakes, and accidents, which

• ccur at similar organizations and the recommendations from an

inspection authority.

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12.15

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12.16

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12.17

Source courtsey: slideshare.net

Bhopal gas tragedy

Source courtesy: thewe.cc

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12.18 Plant engineering, material, process, control equipments, risk and training, regulatory compliances Dialogue with plant personnel including contractors, disclosure of information of hazards and risk, mitigation, preparedness Dialogue with local Govts, community, disclosure of hazards, risks, preparedness, response, mitigation,

Protection layer for disaster free society

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12.19

Source courtesy: slideshare.net

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12.20 Hazard and operability study (HAZOP) is a structured and systematic examination of existing process or

• peration in order to identify and evaluate problems that may represent risks to personnel or equipment.
• Assembly point is a pre determined place, which is safe and away from the plant. In case of

emergency, personnel evacuated from the affected areas are to be assembled

• Alarm system varies and will depend on the size of the works area. Simple fire bell, hand operated

siren – break open type, fire alarm etc. Automatic alarm may be needed for highly hazardous nature

• f plant.
• Communication is a key component to control an emergency. Walky Talky and Telephone (internal &

external & satellite phone) are mandatory for a plant.

• Siren for emergency should be different from the normal siren. The emergency siren should be audible

to a distance of 5 KM radius. The emergency siren should be used only in case of emergency.

• Evacuation of all non-essential staff should be carried from the emergency site. As soon as the

emergency siren rings the workers have to shut down the plant and move to the assembly point. The plant shut down procedure in case of emergency should be prepared and kept ready and responsible person should be nominated for the purpose.

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12.21

Escape route from each and every plant should be clearly marked. The escape route is the shortest route to reach out of the plant area to open area, which leads to assembly point. Counting of Personnel: Time office person should collect the details of personnel arriving at the assembly point. These should be checked with the attendances of regular workers, contract workers present in the site on the day of emergency. All Clear Signal: After control of emergency the Work Incident Controller will communicate to the works main controller about the cessation of emergency. Mutual Aid System: should be introduced among industries so that in case of emergency necessary help from mutual aid partner may be extended Off-site Emergency Plan shall be prepared by the District Collector in consultation with the factory management and Govt. agencies.

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12.22 Assembly point is a pre determined place, which is safe and away from the plant. The time office person should take their attendance so as to assess the missing person during emergency. The important personnel on site of emergency Alarm system varies and will depend on the size of the works area. Automatic alarm may be needed for highly hazardous nature of plant. Communication is a key component to control an emergency. Walky talky and Telephone (internal & external & satellite phone) are mandatory for a plant. Siren for emergency should be different from the normal siren and audible to a distance of 5km radius. The emergency siren should be used only in case of emergency.

Industrial emergency management

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12.23 Evacuation of all non-essential staff should be carried from the emergency site. As soon as the emergency siren rings the workers have to shut down the plant and move to the assembly point. Escape route from each and every plant should be clearly marked. The escape route is the shortest route to reach out of the plant area to open area, which leads to assembly point. Counting of Personnel: All personnel working and visitors in the plant should be counted. Time office person should collect the details of personnel arriving at the assembly point. All Clear Signal: After control of emergency the Work Incident Controller will communicate to the works main controller about the cessation of emergency.

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12.24 Mutual Aid System: Mutual aid scheme should be introduced among industries so that in case of emergency necessary help from mutual aid partner may be extended The Off-site Emergency Plan shall be prepared by the District Collector in consultation with the factory management and Govt. agencies. Factories that are dealing with hazardous material, processing, fabrication, manufacturing etc., and the reported disaster event from similar events from any parts of the globe need to carry out their Risk assessment. Simulation exercises, Mock drills and Scenario Analysis; Indigenous knowledge systems and coping practices; Living with Risk: Community Based Disaster Risk Management; Inclusive, participatory, gender sensitive, child friendly, eco-friendly and disabled friendly disaster management

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12.25

Source courtesy: primierautoworks.com

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12.1.0

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12.1.1

Nuclear Radiation is the release of radiation emission. It includes gamma, neutron, and ionizing radiation are emitted not only at the time of detonation (initial radiation) but also for long periods of time afterward (residual radiation). Initial Nuclear Radiation is defined as the radiation that arrives during the first minute after an explosion, and is mostly gamma radiation and neutron radiation. The level of initial nuclear radiation decreases rapidly with distance from the fireball to where less than

• ne roentgen may be received five miles from ground zero.

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12.1.2

Source courtesy: noorslist.wordpress.com

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12.1.3

Source courtesy: biocatastrophe.blogspot.com

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12.1.4

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12.1.5

Source courtesy: news.standford.edu

Source courtesy: dailymail.co.uk

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12.1.6

Source courtesy: youtube.com Source courtesy: users.owt.com

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12.1.7

Source courtesy: miningawareness.wordpress.com

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12.1.8

Level 7 Major accident Major release of radioactive material with widespread health and environmental effects requiring implementation of planned and extended countermeasures Chernobyl disaster, 26 April 1986 Fukushima I nuclear accidents, a series of events beginning on 11 March 2011. Rated level 7

• n 11 April 2011

Level 6 Serious accident Significant release of radioactive material likely to require implementation of planned countermeasures. Kyshtym disaster at Mayak, Soviet Union, 29 September 1957. Level 5 Accident with wider consequences Limited release of radioactive material likely to require implementation of some planned countermeasures. Several deaths from radiation. Windscale fire (United Kingdom), 10 October 1957. Three Mile Island accident near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (United States), 28 March 1979. First Chalk River accident,Chalk River, Ontario (Canada), 12 December 1952. Lucens partial core meltdown (Switzerland), 21 January 1969 Goiânia accident (Brazil), 13 September 1987. Level 4 Accident with local consequences Minor release of radioactive material unlikely to result in implementation of planned countermeasures other than local food controls. Sellafield (United Kingdom) SL-1 Experimental Power Station (United States) – 1961, Saint-Laurent Nuclear Power Plant (France) – 1969 Buenos Aires (Argentina) – 1983, Jaslovské Bohunice (Czechoslovakia) – 1977. Tokaimura nuclear accident (Japan) – 1999 Level 3 Serious incident . Exposure in excess of ten times the statutory annual limit for workers. Non-lethal deterministic health effect (e.g., burns) from radiation THORP plant Sellafield (United Kingdom) – 2005. Paks Nuclear Power Plant (Hungary), 2003; fuel rod damage in cleaning tank. Vandellos Nuclear Power Plant (Spain), 1989 Level 2 Incident Exposure of a member of the public in excess of 10 mSv. Exposure of a worker in excess of the statutory annual limits. Blayais Nuclear Power Plant flood (France) December 1999 Ascó Nuclear Power Plant (Spain) April 2008 Forsmark Nuclear Power Plant (Sweden) July 2006 Level 1 Anomaly Overexposure of a member of the public in excess of statutory annual limits. Minor problems with safety components with significant defence-in-depth remaining. Low activity lost or stolen radioactive source, device or transport package. Gravelines (Nord, France), 8 August 2009; TNPC (Drôme, France), July 2008 Level 0 Deviation No safety significance. 4 June 2008: Krško, Slovenia 17 December 2006, Atucha, Argentina:. 13 February 2006: Fire in Nuclear Waste Volume Reduction Facilities of the Japanese Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) in Tokaimura.

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12.2.0

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12.1.1

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12.1.2 The Classification of rail accidents by effects are grouped into 1) Collisions - Head-on collision; Rear collision; Collisions with buffer stops and Obstructions on the line (road vehicles, landslides, avalanches); 2) Derailments - Plain track; Curves and junctions; 3) Other - Fires and explosions (including sabotage / terrorism), Falls from trains, collisions with people

• n tracks.

The causes of rail accidents are divided into – 1) Drivers' errors - Passing signals at danger; Excessive speed and Mishandling engine (e.g. boiler explosions); 2) Signalmen's errors - Allowing two trains into same occupied block section and Incorrect operation

• f signals, points or token equipment;

3) Mechanical failure of rolling stock - Poor design and Poor maintenance; 4) Civil engineering failure - Track (permanent way) faults and Bridge and tunnel collapses; 5) Acts of other people - Other railway personnel (shunters, porters, etc), Non-railway personnel, Accidental, Deliberate (vandalism, terrorism, suicide), Trespassing and 6) Contributory factors - Strength of rolling stock, Fires resulting from accidents, Effectiveness of brakes, Poor track or junction layout, Inadequate rules, Level crossing misuse.

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12.1.3

Source courtesy: tsb.gc.ca

Source courtesy: spiegel.de

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12.2.0

Source courtesy: factly.in Source courtesy: slideplayer.com

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12.2.0

Road accidents / disaster Over speeding Drunk driving Usage of mobile phones while driving Ignoring safety precautions Poor road infrastructure & congested city road Not wearing seatbelts and seat belts Driver Fatigue – Falling Asleep in the Wheel – Rubber-necking Defective Automobile and Automobile Parts

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12.2.0

Aviation accident is s an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft, which

takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight until all such persons have disembarked, where a person is fatally or seriously injured, the aircraft sustains damage or structural failure or the aircraft is missing or is completely inaccessible. If the aircraft is destroyed or severely damaged so that it must be written off, it is further defined as a hull loss accident. Aviation incident as an occurrence, other than an accident, associated with the operation of an aircraft which affects or could affect the safety of operation.

Major safety devices now required in commercial aircraft involve: Evacuation slides – aid rapid passenger exit from an aircraft in an emergency situation Advanced avionics – computerized auto-recovery and alert systems Turbine engines – durability and failure containment improvements Landing gear – that can be lowered even after loss of power and hydraulics

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12.2.0

PILOT ERROR MECHANICIAL WEATHER SABOTAGE OTHER

Improper procedure Engine failure Severe turbulence Hijacking ATC error Flying VFR into IFR conditions Equipment failure Windshear Shot down Ground crew error Controlled flight into terrain Structural failure Mountain wave Explosive device aboard Overloaded Descending below minima Design flaw Poor visibility Improperly loaded cargo Spatial disorientation Maintenance error Heave rain Bird strike Premature descent Severe winds Fuel contamination Excessive landing speed Icing Pilot incapacitation Missed runway Thunderstorms Obstruction on runway Fuel starvation Lightning strike Midair collision caused by other plane Navigation error vvv Fire/smoke in flight Wrong runway takeoff/landing Midair collision caused by both pilots

Causes of Fatal Accidents by Decade

Source courtesy: PlaneCrashinfo.com

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12.2.0

Source courtesy: Statistical Summary of Commercial Jet Airplane Accidents, 1959 - 2008, Boeing

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12.2.0

Source courtesy: dnaindia.com Source courtesy: bbc.co.uk Source courtesy: stop.com

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12.2.0

Maritime disaster

• The weather, the geographical conditions and other objective factors play an

important role in maritime accidents. The real environmental catastrophes were caused by shipping accidents involving large oil tankers, following which, the quantities discharged from vessels have exceeded 50 000 tonnes, reaching about 287,000 tonnes, as in the Atlantic Empress tanker.

• Loading an oil tanker consists primarily of pumping cargo into the ship's tanks.

As oil enters the tank, the vapors inside the tank must be somehow expelled. Depending on local regulations, the vapors can be expelled into the atmosphere

• r discharged back to the pumping station by way of a vapor recovery line.

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12.2.0

Causes of maritime disaster

Despite being packed with state-of-the-art navigation systems and built to ever-increasing specifications to withstand all that the world’s oceans can throw at them, there are still many major shipping disasters reported every year Bad weather High winds on the ocean can cause severe problems for commercial shipping, pushing the ships into shallower waters where the possibility of grounding is significantly increased. Captain error often goes hand-in-hand with bad weather, where high winds and crushing waves can push ships off course into shallower waters. These terrible conditions usually make ship movement more difficult and one wrong turn by a captain can spell disaster. Collision with another Ship In busy harbours and shipping lanes the world over, the risk of crashing into another vessel remains high.

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12.2.0

Source courtesy: slideshare.net

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12.2.0

Source courtesy: dailymail.co.uk Source courtesy: pinterest.com Source courtesy: vesselfinder.com Source courtesy: ssqq.com

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12.2.0

Source courtesy: chemicalpollution.com

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12.2.0 The effects of the occurrences of marine accidents include not just humans but also the marine creatures and the marine environment and ecosystem. Offshore oil rigs constitute great danger in terms of their heavy machinery and the complexities

• f the processes involved.

Cruise vessels form a very important part in the vacation itinerary of people. However, a major type of maritime accident occurs in cruise vessel. Nearly 75% of fires are caused because of a mere mistake by people working on the cruise ship. Commercial Fishing Mishaps: Even fishing for commercial purposes can lead to fatal incidents being caused. Inexperienced fishermen – sometimes even experienced ones – can fall overboard. Harsh weather conditions can also could severe damages to a commercial fishing expedition. Because of the blockage of the visibility of tugboats by the larger vessels, maritime accidents

• ccur. Also human error on the part of the pilot of the tugboat can also lead to unwanted and

unexpected tugboat mishaps.

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12.2.0 The major cause of accidents on cargo tankers is explosions. Since the very nature of the materials these tankers transport is dangerous and highly flammable, even the most minor of explosions can cause enormous losses. According to statistics, one of the main reasons for oil tanker accidents occurring is because of workers’ negligence – nearly 84-88%. Ship grounding occurs when the bottom of the ship’s hull scrapes through the ocean-

• bed. This type of maritime accident has a lot of impact on the ship’s hull and more on

the overall oceanic area. Maritime Accident because of Drugs and alcohol: Drug or substance abuse is a major problem across the world. Even in the marine world, substance abuse can cause irreparable damage. Marine crane operations on ports and on ship are also risky. Because of faulty wires

• r winches, crane workers can lose their life or in a worst case scenario, be alive but

with irreparable physical handicap.

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12.2.0 Shipyard is the place where the ship is assembled and constructed in its entirety. Fitting and welding accidents are common. Similarly constant inhaling of poisonous fumes also becomes another shipyard accident cause. Maritime Accidents on Diving Support Vessels: People who want to explore the mysteries

• f the deep sea use a diving support craft to take a plunge into the water.

Accidents on Barges mishaps occur mainly because of the overall build of the barges themselves, which allows them limited movement on the water and because of the problems of the barge-towing equipments. Cargo hauling maritime accidents are those accidents caused to workers who work as cargo haulers. It has been reported that cargo hauling workers overstate their cargo- hauling injuries.

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12.2.0

Source courtesy: tcr-academy.com Source couresy: ecology.com

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1.01

Land Subsidence

Subsidence or caving in is the motion of a surface, as it shifts downward relative to a datum is of concern to geologists, geotechnical engineers and surveyors. It frequently causes major problems in karst terrains, where dissolution of limestone by fluid flow in the subsurface causes the creation of voids. Extraction of natural gas - When the natural gas is extracted from a natural gas field, the initial pressure (up to 60MPa (600 bar)) in the field will drop over the years and the soil pressures increases and this leads to subsidence at the ground level. Groundwater-related subsidence occurs in habitation of lowlands in coastal or delta plains. The resulting aeration of the soil leads to the oxidation of its organic components, such as peat, and this decomposition process may cause significant land subsidence. Isostatic subsidence - If mass is added through deposition to a local area of the crust, the crust subsides to compensate and maintain isostatic balance. Seasonal effects - Many soils contain significant proportions of clay which because of the very small particle size are affected by changes in soil moisture content. Seasonal drying of the soil results in a reduction in soil volume and a lowering of the soil surface