Natural and man-made disasters assessment 1.01 Prof. R. Nagarajan, - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
GNR 639 GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management Lesson 1 Natural and man-made disasters assessment 1.01 Prof. R. Nagarajan, CSRE , IIT Bombay GNR 639 GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management Lesson 1.1 Natural and man-made disasters
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An quantitative and qualitative difference between routine accidents and disasters should be made. It is granted that a disaster is not simply a bigger accident than usual. Accidents are always unintentional, and they usually result in some damage or injury. Disaster is defined as a sudden calamitous event bringing great damage, loss, or destruction; a sudden or great misfortune or failure. A disaster may come on quickly and without warning. In disasters event, organizations have to
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Emergency is defined as an unforeseen combination of circumstances
for assistance or relief. It is a situation which may be an impending crisis, and is always something that requires quick or immediate attention Catastrophe
interrupted.
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Natural disasters Any catastrophic event that is caused by nature or the natural processes of the earth. The severity of a disaster is measured in lives lost, economic loss, and the ability of the population to rebuild. Events that occur in unpopulated areas are not considered disasters. Man-made disaster is a disastrous event caused directly and principally by one or more identifiable deliberate or negligent human actions.
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Land - Geological
Volcanic eruptions Earthquake Tsunami Landslide / Avalanches
Water - Hydrology
Floods Drought / Famine Limnic eruptions Tsunami
Fire - Wildfires Space Astroid, Meteorite Impact events Solar flare
Atmosphere - Meteorology disasters
Blizzards Cyclonic storms Droughts Thunder storms Hailstorms Heat waves Tornadoes
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GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management Natural Hazards (origin) Terrestrial hazards originate inside the earth or its atmosphere are called
terrestrial hazards. Endo-genic Hazards- originate inside the surface of the earth are termed as endogenic hazards - Volcanic, Earthquake Exo-genic Hazards originate above the surface of the earth in the atmosphere. Atmospheric Hazards originate in the atmosphere of the earth. These include cyclones, tornadoes, droughts, thunderstorms etc. Drought, Rainfall, Snowfall, Winds, Hailstorm Hydrospheric Hazards are related to water in the atmosphere- Wave Currents, Tsunamis, Floods Lithospheric Hazards occur near to the surface of the earth - Landslides, weathering, erosion, shifting, avalanches, sink Holes
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GNR 639 : Natural Disaster And Management Biotic Hazards originate through plants, animals or humans.
Floral Hazards (Plants) - originate from plant life. Faunal hazards (Animals) Anthropogenic Hazards (Man Induced) Physical - Earthquake, Landslide, Erosion Chemical - Release of Toxic Chemical, Nuclear Explosion Biological- Eutrophication, Population Explosion Extra-Terrestrial hazards originate outside the earth and its atmosphere are called extra-terrestrial hazards- meteorites, astroid
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Contents 1 Societal hazards 1.1 Criminality 1.2 Civil disorder 1.3 Terrorism 1.4 War 1.5 Industrial hazards 1.6 Engineering hazards 1.7 Waste disposal 1.8 Power outage 1.9 Fire 2 Hazardous materials 2.1 Organohalogens 2.2 Toxic metals 2.3 Radioactive materials 2.4 CBRNs 2.5 Transportation 2.5.1 Aviation 2.5.2 Rail 2.5.3 Road 2.5.4 Space 2.5.5 Sea travel 3 Environmental hazard
Man-made disaster is a disastrous event caused directly and principally by
Nuclear disaster Biological Chemical Transportation – surface, air, water Terrorism Epidemic
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1.02 1.1.09 Technical and man-made
Origins of Disasters
Natural 1.Meteorological −Hurricanes, cyclones, tornadoes, typhoons −Heavy rains, thunderstorms, floods, snow-storms −Drought and famine −Heat waves, cold waves 2.Topographical −Landslides and avalanches 3.Tectonics and tellurics −Earthquakes −Volcanic eruptions 4.Epidemics −Yellow fever −Cholera −Meningitis 5.Infestations −Locust invasions −Mealy bug infestation
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Physical occurrence Probability Frequency Transience (duration) Physical magnitude Energy expenditure Physical effects: direct, indirect and secondary Area effected: directly and indirectly Degree of spatial concentration or ubiquity Volume of products (lava, floodwaters) Predictability
Short-term (for avoiding action) Long-term (for structural and non-structural adjustment)
Controllability
can physical processes be modified? Can physical energy expenditure be reduced? Can effects be mitigated? Can effects be modified?
Socio-cultural factors
Belief systems inherent in societies Degree of knowledge of risk Complexity of social system and its constituent groups
Ecological factors
Environmental damage propensity. Environment compatibility of mitigation measures.
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Disaster phase - The phase during which the event of the disaster takes place. This phase is characterized by profound damage to the human society. Response phase - This is the period that immediately follows the occurrence of the
clothing and shelter. Recovery/ Rehabilitation phase - realize the impact of disaster & perceive the meaning of the loss. intensive mental support so as to facilitate recovery. Risk Reduction/ Mitigation phase - certain measures which may be needed to reduce the extent or impact of damage during the next similar disaster. making the impact less severe is called Mitigation. Preparedness phase - education on warning signs of disasters, methods of safe and successful evacuation and first aid measures.
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Hurricane
It is an intense, rotating oceanic weather system that possesses maximum sustained winds exceeding 119 km/hr, forms and intensifies over tropical oceanic regions. 500 km in diameter. The air spirals inward in a counterclockwise direction at the ocean’s surface. Eventually turning into clockwise (anti cyclonic) outflow near the top of the storm, this cyclonic circulation becomes weaker with height.
Winter Storms and Extreme Cold
Heavy snowfall and extreme cold can immobilize an entire region. Even areas that normally experience mild winters can be hit with extreme cold or a major snowstorm. Winter storms can result in closed highways, flooding, downed power lines, blocked roads, storm surge and hypothermia.
Lightning / Thunderstorm
All thunderstorms are dangerous. Every thunderstorm produces lightning. In the United States, an average of three hundred people are injured and eighty people are killed each year by lightning. People struck by lightning often report a variety of long-term, debilitating symptoms, although most lightning victims do survive. Other associated dangers of thunderstorms include tornadoes, strong winds, hail, and flash flooding. Flash flooding is responsible for more fatalities — more than one hundred and forty yearly — than any other thunderstorm associated hazard. 1.1.13
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Heat wave
Heat kills by pushing the human body beyond its limits. Evaporation is slowed and the body must work extra hard to maintain a normal temperature in conditions of extreme heat and high humidity. Most heat disorders happen because the victim has been overexposed to heat or has over-exercised for his
are sick or overweight are more likely to succumb to extreme heat.
Cold wave
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Arson is the criminal intent of setting a fire with intent to cause damage to bridges, vehicles, and private property. Arson is the greatest cause of fires. Civil Disorder is used by law enforcement to describe forms of disturbance. The event escalate into general chaos. Rioting has many causes. Terrorism - threatened use of violence for the purpose of creating fear in order to achieve a political, religious, or ideological goal. It has been considered as a constant threat to all people of the world.
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There have been many threats to the security of nations throughout human history. These threats have brought about large scale losses of life, widespread illness and injury, the destruction
property, the displacement of large numbers of people, and devastating economic loss. Some components of the increased risk to national security are recent technological advances and ongoing international political
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Technological Hazards Industrial Hazards - occur in a commercial context, such as mining disasters. They often
have an environmental impact.
Structural Collapse - are often caused by engineering failures. Bridge failures may be
caused in several ways, such as under-design (as in the Delhi Metro), by corrosion attack and by aerodynamic flutter of the deck . Failure of dams was not infrequent during the Victorian period. Other failures include balcony failures in foot ball stadium.
Power Outage - is an interruption of normal sources of electrical power. Short-term
power outages (up to a few hours) are common and have minor adverse effect, since most businesses and health facilities are prepared to deal with them. Extended power outages, however, can disrupt personal and business activities as well as medical and rescue services, leading to business losses and medical emergencies. Extended loss of power can lead to civil disorder , as in the New York city disorder 1977.
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Forest fire - Bush fires, forest fires and mine fires are generally started by lightning, but also by human negligence or arson. They can burn thousands of square kilometers. If a fire intensifies enough to produce its own winds and weather, it will form into afire storm. Casualties resulting from fires, regardless of their source or initial cause, can be aggravated by inadequate emergency preparedness. Such hazards as a lack of accessible emergency exits, poorly marked escape routes, or improperly maintained fire extinguisher or sprinkler system may result in many more deaths and injuries than might occur with such protections
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Hazardous Materials Radiation Contamination - When nuclear weapons are detonated or nuclear containment
systems are otherwise compromised, airborne radioactive particles (nuclear fallout) can scatter and irradiate large areas. Not only is it deadly, but it also has a long-term effect on the next generation for those who are contaminated. Ionizing radiation is hazardous to living things, and in such a case much of the affected area could be unsafe for human habitation. Atomic bombs dropped during World War II, contaminated the cities' water supplies, food sources, and half of the populations of each city were stricken with disease. Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant suffered a meltdown in 1986. Several small towns and Chernobyl city remain abandoned and uninhabitable due to fallout. A failure at the Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant created panic amidst people and the area retained little contamination.
CBRN - Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear - describe a non-conventional terror
threat that, if used by a nation, would be considered use of a weapon of mass destruction. 1.1.20
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Space Disasters - either during operations or training, have killed around 20 astronauts
and cosmonauts, and a much larger number of ground crew and civilians. These disasters include either malfunctions on the ground, during launch, or in orbit with technology, or of natural forces. Not all space disasters result in human fatalities, for example, unmanned orbiting satellites that drop to the Earth can incinerate and send debris spewing across the sky. One of the worst manned space disasters, the Space Shuttle disaster explosion of 1986, cost all of the lives on board. The shuttle exploded several seconds after taking off from the launch pad in Cape Canaveral, Florida. Another example is the Space Shuttle Columbia which disintegrated during a landing attempt over Texas in 2003, with a loss of all 7 astronauts on board. Space disaster killing nearby residents occurred on February 15, 1996, in Sichuan Province, China, when a Long March 3B rocket crashed during takeoff. Then in 1960 also killed 126 when an R-BM ICBM exploded on the launch pad.
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Transportation Aviation - incident is an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft,
which affects or could affect the safety of operations, passengers, or pilots. The category of the vehicle can range from a helicopter, and airliner , or a space
Tenerife of the Canary Islands, when miscommunications between and amongst air traffic control and an aircrew caused two fully loaded jets to collide on the runway, killing over 500 passengers.
Railroad- is an occurrence associated with the operation of a passenger train
which results in substantial loss of life. Usually accidents with freight (goods) trains are not considered disasters, unless they cause substantial loss of life or property. One of the more devastating rail disasters occurred in 2004 in Sri Lanka when 1,700 people died in the Queen of the Sea train accident. In 1989 Ufa accident in Russia which killed 574, and 1917 Modane train accident in France which killed 540.
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Hazard: a threat (natural or human) that has the potential to cause loss of life, injury, property damage, socio-economic disruption or environmental degradation. Hazard event: the occurrence of a hazard eg. an earthquake Disaster: a major hazard event that causes widespread disruption to a community
and which the affected community is unable to deal with adequately without
Vulnerability: the geographical conditions that increases the susceptibility of a community to a hazard or to the impact of a hazard event. Risk: the probability of a hazard event causing harmful consequences (loss of life, injuries damage)
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Preparation - educate and prepare the populations for a disaster, so that they know what to do in a hazardous event. Place laws and building codes to govern what can be built and to what standard, so that hazard impacts can be reduced. Prediction - mechanism to forecast when and where a hazard will occur. Warning signs are clearer because of the amount of response time to each hazard. Prevention - as human beings we could either prevent the hazard entirely or prevent some of the negative impacts of a hazard. Some hazards such as forest fires can be prevented, by using fire breaks and other hazards cannot be
correct drainage systems and coastal defences.
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Source courtesy:Ready.gov
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Short-term response: A response in the days and weeks immediately after a disaster has happened. Short-term responses mainly involve search and rescue and helping the injured. Mid-term response: Responses in the weeks and months following a
getting electricity and water supplies operational again. It might also involve establishing longer-term refugee camps where there has been large-scale destruction. Long-term response: Responses that go on for months and years after a
It also involves kick-starting the local economy.
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Source courtesy: Searchsecurity.techtarget.com
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Source courtesy: Searchsecurity.techtarget.com
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Source courtesy:ready.alaska.gov
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Short-term
Countries search and rescue teams
Countries providing helicopters and boats in search effort
Countries and NGOs donating food, tents and water (water purification)
Countries and NGOs sending medical teams
Providing aid money
Burying the dead to stop spread of diseases (recovery of bodies) Mid-Term
Re-connection of water and electricity supplies
Ongoing medical rehabilitation and possible counselling
Rebuilding of homes or creation of more permanent temporary structures
Re-connection of communication links (internet, phone masts)
Rebuilding of transport links (roads, railways, airports, ports)
Clearing away damaged buildings
Re-open schools and hospitals
Cancelling of debt (also long-term Long-term
Countries providing long-term aid (donations) to a region or country
Countries creating enterprise zones to encourage investment
Improvement in warning systems (tsunami warning system)
Countries investing in effected areas (FDI)
Improved education of hazard risks
Create new shelters and evacuation
Help return of refugees and homing
Rescue Rehabilitation Reconstruction
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Challenge in disaster management
population affected is displaced to a shelter and therefore no information is available before the disaster
evacuated or might have been displaced, traditional census or population data might not adequately reflect the at-risk population, and persons might not be affected uniformly.
completely destroyed and non functional. Therefore, outside medical assistance in the form of temporary hospitals run by response workers, Red Cross temporary shelters for basic medical care, or mobile health units run by nongovernmental organizations or volunteer medical groups.
data collection. In addition, coordination of efforts can be difficult. Standardization of data elements across the different collection agencies and streamlined reporting mechanisms and sharing of information are often difficult to obtain.
and transportation systems, leading to interruption of usual reporting mechanisms and underreporting of health events
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Emergency Response Plan is a plan of action for the efficient deployment and coordination of services, agencies and personnel to provide the earliest possible response to an emergency. Emergency management plan is a course of action developed to mitigate the damage of potential events that could endanger an organization's ability to function. Such a plan should include measures that provide for the safety of personnel and, if possible, property and facilities. Emergency management is the managerial function charged with creating the framework within which communities reduce vulnerability to hazards and cope with
communities with the capacity to cope with hazards and disasters. Disaster mitigation measures are those that eliminate or reduce the impacts and risks of hazards through proactive measures taken before an emergency or disaster
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Source courtesy: sgo.sagepub.com
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Source courtesy:public.wmo.it
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Disaster type Direct health effect Indirect health effects Hurricane/cyclone Drowning Injuries from flying debris (e.g., head and chest trauma) Injuries from submerged debris or structures (e.g., puncture wounds) Worsening of chronic disease
Tornado Injuries from flying debris or structural collapse Worsening of chronic disease
Flood Drowning
Worsening of chronic disease
Earthquake Injuries from rock slides or collapsed buildings
Worsening of chronic disease
Volcanic eruption Suffocation by ash or toxic gases
from mud or lava flows
Worsening of chronic disease
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