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Does Orthography Affect L2 Tone Production and Perception? Donghui Zuo, Qiuyue Chen, Peggy Mok Chinese University of Hong Kong Introduction 2 Chinese Orthography Chinese characters Mandarin Pinyin Major writing system Official

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Does Orthography Affect L2 Tone Production and Perception?

Donghui Zuo, Qiuyue Chen, Peggy Mok Chinese University of Hong Kong

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Introduction

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Chinese Orthography

  • Chinese characters
  • Major writing system

for different Chinese languages

  • Opaque (no

consistent grapheme- to-phoneme correspondence)

  • No information about

the tone

  • e.g., ‘horse’ 馬
  • Mandarin Pinyin
  • Official Romanisation

system of Mandarin

  • Transparent (good

grapheme-to- phoneme correspondence)

  • Tone is indicated by a

number

  • e.g., ‘horse’ ma3

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Cantonese & Mandarin

  • Shared orthography – Chinese characters
  • Different phonologies, tones for example:

Tones Cantonese Mandarin T1 55 55 T2 25 35 T3 33 214 T4 21 51 T5 23 – T6 22 –

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C-M tone correspondence

Tsang-Cheung (1988)

Cantonese Tone Mandarin Tone %Correspondence T1[55] T1[55] 93% T2[25] T3[214] 89% T3[33] T4[51] 91% T4[21] T2[35] 93% T5[23] T3[214] 76% T6[22] T4[51] 94%

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Production Model (Chu, 2011)

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Advanced learners

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Research Question

  • Whether activations of the L1 phonological

system

  • Facilitates/hinders Mandarin tone production?
  • Facilitates/hinders Mandarin tone perception?

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Method

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Subjects

  • 16 native speakers of Hong Kong Cantonese
  • 7 males, 9 females
  • 19-29 years old (mean = 23)
  • Students from the Chinese University of Hong

Kong

  • Beginning learners of Mandarin (mean length of

formal training = 2.6 years)

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Materials - Production

  • Pinyin task
  • mi [mi] and na [na] with all four tones
  • 2 syllables × 4 tones = 8 tokens
  • Written in Mandarin pinyin
  • Chinese character task
  • ja [ja] and wu [wu] with all four tones (e.g., 壓

and 烏)

  • 2 syllables × 4 tones = 8 tokens
  • Written in Chinese characters

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Materials - Perception

  • Pinyin task
  • Disyllabic minimal pairs (e.g. can1 guan1 參觀 ‘visit’
  • vs. can1 guan3 餐館 ‘restaurant’)
  • 1 sets × 6 pairs = 6 minimal pairs
  • Written in Mandarin pinyin
  • Read by a Mandarin native speaker
  • Chinese character task
  • Disyllabic minimal pairs (e.g.,字跡 zi4 ji4

‘handwriting’ vs. 自己zi4 ji3 ‘oneself’)

  • 2 sets × 6 pairs = 12 minimal pairs
  • Written in Chinese characters
  • Read by a Mandarin native speaker

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Procedures - Production

  • Recording
  • All stimuli produced in isolation
  • 256 tokens collected
  • 128 Pinyin tokens

(2 syllables × 4 tones × 16 speakers)

  • 128 Chinese character tokens

(2 syllables × 4 tones × 16 speakers)

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Procedures - Production

  • Transcription
  • Transcriber: 3 native speakers of Mandarin
  • Agreed transcription of at least two transcribers

accepted as the actual tone produced

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  • No. of tokens

Percentage 3 transcribers agree 173 67.6% 2 transcribers agree 80 31.3% No agreement 3 1%

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Procedures - Perception

  • Pinyin task
  • Write down the tones of the second syllables
  • Both words of each pair presented once
  • 192 responses (6 pairs × 2 words × 16

subjects)

  • Chinese character task
  • Two-alternative forced choice task
  • Both words of each pair presented once
  • 384 responses (12 pairs × 2 words × 16

subjects)

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Results

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Production

  • Pinyin task
  • %Err = 2.3% (only 3 errors out of 128 tokens)
  • Character task
  • %Err = 43.4%
  • t(15) = -7.678, p < 0.001

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Production (cont.)

  • Confusing T1 with T4, T2 with T3

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5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 T1-T2 T1-T3 T1-T4 T2-T3 T2-T4 T3-T4 %Err Confusable pairs pinyin character

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Perception

  • Pinyin task
  • %Err = 47.9%
  • Chinese character task
  • %Err = 11.7%
  • t(15) = 5.495, p < 0.001

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  • Confusing T1 with T4, T2 with T3

Perception (cont.)

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5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 T1-T2 T1-T3 T1-T4 T2-T3 T2-T4 T3-T4 %Err Confusable pairs pinyin character

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Discussion

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Error Patterns

  • T2-T3 pair
  • Also found in learners of other language

background

  • Possible accounts:
  • Acoustic similarity (Kiriloff, 1969)
  • Perceptual assimilation (Best, 1995)
  • T3 Sandhi

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Error Patterns (cont.)

  • T1-T4 pair
  • Not found in learners with some other

backgrounds (cf. Kiriloff, 1969)

  • Possible account
  • Cantonese T1[55] has a falling allotone [53]

(Mathews & Yip, 1994)

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Pinyin vs. Character

  • Production
  • %Err: Pinyin < character
  • Chinese character hinders L2 tone production
  • Perception
  • %Err: Pinyin > character
  • Chinese character facilitates L2 tone perception

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Production Model (Chu, 2011)

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Production

  • Pinyin
  • Directly access L2 phonological representations
  • May not reach the concept level
  • Chinese character
  • Sub-lexical route through the L1 phonological

system

  • Corresponding rules may not have been

correctly established

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Perception Model (Chu, 2011)

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Perception

  • Pinyin
  • Only need to reach L2 sub-lexical representation

level

  • Chinese character
  • Need to go through L1 phonological system
  • However, pinyin %Err > character %Err
  • Possible account: top-down process in the

Chinese character task

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Conclusion

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Conclusion

  • Comparing with Pinyin, Chinese character
  • Hinders tone production
  • Facilitates tone perception
  • Therefore, orthography plays an important

role in L2 speech production and perception, especially when the learners’s L1 and L2 share the same orthography system.

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References

1. Young-Scholten, M. and Archibald, J., “Second language syllable structure”, in J. Archibald (ed.), Second Language Acquisition and Linguistic Theory, 64-97, 2000. 2. Silveria, R., “Investigating the role of orthography in the acquisition of L2 pronunciation: a case study”, in M. A. Watkins, et al. (Eds). Recent Research in Second Language Phonetics/Phonology, 270-290, 2009. 3. Leung, A., Tonal assimilation patterns of Cantonese L2 speakers of Mandarin in the perception and production of Mandarin tones. Proceedings of the 2008 CLA Annual Conference, 2008. 4. Chu, P. C. K. Towards a Model of Second Language Word Production and Recognition in

  • Mandarin. Young Scholar Award Competition for the International Conference on Chinese

Language Learning and Teaching in the Digital Age, Hong Kong, China, 2011. 5. Tsang-Cheung, L.Y. The Phonological Correspondences between Cognate Morphemes in Cantonese and Mandarin. Unpublished M. Phil. Thesis, University of Hong Kong, 1988. 6. Kiriloff, C., “On the auditory discrimination of tones in Mandarin”, Phonetica 20:63-67, 1969. 7. Best, C. T., A direct realist view of cross-language speech perception, In W. Strange (Ed.), Speech perception and linguistic experience: Issues in cross- language research, 171-204, 1995. 8. Matthews, S., and Yip, V., Cantonese: a comprehensive grammar, 1994.

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Limitations

  • Different task settings:
  • Pinyin perception (transcription) vs. Chinese

character perception (2AFC)

  • Production (monosyllabic) vs. perception

(disyllabic)

  • Stimuli not well controlled
  • Word frequency
  • Segmental features
  • Character strokes
  • Cantonese-Mandarin correspondence

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