Development in PMTs for advanced Fluorescence Telescopes Sven - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Development in PMTs for advanced Fluorescence Telescopes

Sven Querchfeld, Karl-Heinz Kampert, Daniel Kruppke-Hansen, Julian Rautenberg

OBSERVATORY

HAP Workshop Advanced Technologies January 24th 2013

s.querchfeld@uni-wuppertal.de

The Pierre Auger Observatory

largest experiment to detect cosmic rays at highest energies 3000 km2, hybrid detector

◮ 1660 surface detectors ◮ 24 fluorescence telescopes ◮ +3 HEAT tel. ◮ radio array ◮ muon detectors

• S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal)

Development in PMTs for advanced Fluorescence Telescopes 24.01.2013 1 / 21

The Pierre Auger Observatory

largest experiment to detect cosmic rays at highest energies 3000 km2, hybrid detector

◮ 1660 surface detectors ◮ 24 fluorescence telescopes ◮ +3 HEAT tel. ◮ radio array ◮ muon detectors

• S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal)

Development in PMTs for advanced Fluorescence Telescopes 24.01.2013 1 / 21

Fluorescence Telescopes

• ptimized for fluorescence light

between 300 nm and 400 nm camera: 440 photomultiplier (PMT) transition between PMTs is covered by light guides

• S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal)

Development in PMTs for advanced Fluorescence Telescopes 24.01.2013 2 / 21

Fluorescence Telescopes

• ptimized for fluorescence light

between 300 nm and 400 nm camera: 440 photomultiplier (PMT) transition between PMTs is covered by light guides

• S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal)

Development in PMTs for advanced Fluorescence Telescopes 24.01.2013 2 / 21

Motivation

’Auger-Next’

◮ new observatory (>10 000 km2) ◮ new fluorescence detectors/design

new PMTs with higher quantum efficiency (QE) available Photonis stopped PMT-production and delivery before HEAT was equipped (re-opened by HZC Photonics in Dec. 2012)

• S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal)

Development in PMTs for advanced Fluorescence Telescopes 24.01.2013 3 / 21

Telescope Simulation

Detector simulation of proton and iron showers with enhanced QE PMTs: simulation show increased performance for fd telescopes

◮ HEAT: below ∼ 1017 eV

already for one upgraded HEAT camera

◮ CO: higher energies

telescopes see further away Region which most benefits from HEAT upgrade is exactly where most enhancements are located (AERA, AMBER, AMIGA, Infill)

log(Energy/eV) 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5 19 19.5

shower, standard setup

/N

shower, new setup

N 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

standard setup

• nly HEAT1 with new PMTs

complete HEAT with new PMTs complete Co with new PMTs proton iron

Core Eye Distance in km 5 10 15 20 25 30

shower, standard setup

/N

shower, new setup

N 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

standard setup

• nly HEAT1 with new PMTs

complete HEAT with new PMTs complete Co with new PMTs proton iron

• S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal)

Development in PMTs for advanced Fluorescence Telescopes 24.01.2013 4 / 21

Photomultiplier

XP3062

• Ham. R9420-100
• Ham. R8900-100

Faceplate hexagonal round square Photocathode bialkali super-bialkali super-bialkali Window lime glass borosilicate borosilicate Dynode structure/stages

• lin. focused/ 8
• lin. focused/ 8

metal channel/ 10 Gain 2.6 × 105 3.7 × 105 1 × 106 Supply Voltage [V] typ. 1100 1300 800 max. 1300 1500 900 Dark current [nA] typ. 1 10 2 max. 20 100 20 Cathode sens. [mA/W] 90 110 110 Q.E.at peak wavelength 27% 35% 35% Rise Time [ns] 3 1.6 1.8

• S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal)

Development in PMTs for advanced Fluorescence Telescopes 24.01.2013 5 / 21

QE Test Setup in Wuppertal

QEPMT(λ) = QERef (λ) · |IPMT |−|Iped,PMT |

|IRef |−|Iped,Ref |

• S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal)

Development in PMTs for advanced Fluorescence Telescopes 24.01.2013 6 / 21

QE Measurement

Wavelength [nm] 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Quantum efficiency [%] 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

• Ham. R9420-100
• Ham. R8900U-100

Photonis XP3062

measurement in reference to calibrated photodiode higher QE verified

• S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal)

Development in PMTs for advanced Fluorescence Telescopes 24.01.2013 7 / 21