Collaborative Applications Prasun Dewan Department of Computer - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Collaborative Applications Prasun Dewan Department of Computer - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Collaborative Applications Prasun Dewan Department of Computer Science University of North Carolina CB 3175 Sitterson Hall Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3175 dewan@cs.unc.edu http:/www.cs.unc.edu/~dewan Dewan 290-F99 1 5.1. DEFINITION OF A

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Collaborative Applications

Prasun Dewan

Department of Computer Science University of North Carolina CB 3175 Sitterson Hall Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3175 dewan@cs.unc.edu http:/www.cs.unc.edu/~dewan

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5.1. DEFINITION OF A COLLABORATIVE APPLICATION (GROUPWARE)

♦ Oxford: Work jointly esp at literary or artistic production ♦ Malone: helps people work together more effectively ♦ Lynch et al: makes users aware they are part of a group ♦ Wells: software and hardware for shared interactive environment ♦ Ellis: supports groups engaged in a common task and provides an interface to shared environment ♦ Peter & Johnson-Lenz: computer-mediated culture, intentional group processes plus supporting software ♦ Johansen: specialized computer aids for collaborative work groups ♦ Winograd: state of mind

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Definition

User 1 User 2 Coupling Potentially Real-Time I/O I/O

Collaborative Application

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Traditional Collaborative Applications

File save User 1 User 2 load Mail Talk send User 2 receive User 1 hi hello User 2 User 1 hi hello

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Views of Collaboration Systems

♦ Problems ♦ Issues ♦ Disciplines

♦ Systems: Applications and Infrastructures

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  • Business Management
  • National Collaboratory
  • Engineering/Design
  • Software Engineering
  • Writing
  • Education
  • Medicine
  • Air Traffic Control
  • Command and Control
  • Games/Casual Interaction
  • Any complex task!

Problems: Application Areas

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Problems: Generic Tasks

  • Design
  • Implementation
  • Inspection/Review
  • Consulting
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Views of Collaboration Systems

  • Problems
  • Issues
  • Disciplines
  • Systems: Applications and Infrastructures
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Issues: Semantics

  • Session Management: How do distributed users create, destroy, join, and

leave collaborative sessions?

  • Single-User Interface: What are the application semantics if there is a single

user in the session?

  • Coupling: what feedback does a user receive in response to the input of

another user?

  • Access Control: How do we ensure that users do not execute unauthorized

commands?

  • Concurrency Control: How do we ensure that concurrent users do not enter

inconsistent commands?

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  • Process Control: How do we ensure that users follow prescribed group

processes?

  • Merging: How do we merge concurrent commands entered by different

users?

  • Undo/Redo: What are the semantics of undo/redo in a collaborative session?
  • Awareness: How are users made aware of ‘‘out of band’

’ activities of their collaborator?

Issues: Semantics (Contd.)

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Issues: Implementation

  • Objects: What kind of objects are used to program a collaborative

application?

  • Collaboration Awareness: Which of these objects are collaboration aware

and how are these objects integrated with existing, collaboration-unaware

  • bjects?
  • Layers: How are these objects arranged in layers?
  • Concurrency: How is the application decomposed into concurrent threads?
  • Distribution: How are the application objects placed in different address

spaces and hosts?

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  • Replication/Migration: Which of these objects are centralized and which

are replicated? Which of the centralized objects can migrate?

  • Real-Time Support: What kind of services are provided to ensure real-time

interaction with tolerable jitter and latency?

Issues: Implementation (Contd.)

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Views of Collaboration Systems

  • Problems
  • Issues
  • Disciplines
  • Systems: Applications and Infrastructures
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Computer Science Disciplines

  • Operating Systems
  • Database Management Systems
  • Programming Languages
  • User Interface Systems
  • Software Engineering
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Views of Collaboration Systems

  • Problems
  • Issues
  • Disciplines
  • Systems: Applications and Infrastructures
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  • MUDs (Multiuser Dungeons)
  • DIVE (Distributed Interactive Virtual

Environment)

  • Video Walls
  • Media Space
  • Hydra
  • MAJIC (Multi-Attendant Joint Inteface for

Collaboration)

  • GestureCam
  • Shasthtra
  • Information Lens
  • Coordinator
  • Action Workflow
  • Computational Mail
  • Quilt
  • PREP
  • IBIS
  • CLARE
  • RTCAL (Real-Time Calendar)

Systems: Applications

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Applications (Contd)

  • GROVE (Group Outline Viewing Editor)
  • CES (Collaborative Editing System)
  • GroupDraw
  • ClearBoard
  • TeamWorkstation
  • GroupLens
  • IRI
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  • File Systems
  • DBMS
  • Lotus Notes
  • Coda
  • IPC
  • ISIS
  • Xerox’s Colab
  • XTV, NetMeeting
  • Suite
  • Web
  • Rendevous
  • GroupKit
  • TeamWorkstation
  • Weasel, Clock

Systems: Infrastructures

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Traditional Collaborative Applications

File save User 1 User 2 load Mail send User 2 receive Talk hi hello User 2 User 1 User 1 hi hello Implicit Comm. Artifact-based Polling Asynchronous Explicit Comm. Private Messages Auto Notification Asynchronous Implicit Comm. Session-based Auto Notification Synchronous

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Implicit & Explicit Comm. Artifact-based Session-based Synchronous & Asynchronous Session-based Explicit Messages Artifact-based Private Messages Implicit Comm. Artifact-based Session-based Synchronous

Novel Collaborative Applications

File++ Mail++ Talk++ File + Mail Talk + Mail File + Mail + Talk Talk + File

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Talk++

  • Talk++
  • Mail++
  • File++
  • Talk + Mail
  • Talk + File
  • Mail + File
  • Talk + Mail + File
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Mary John

MUDs: Textual Virtual Reality

Say Hi everyone Emote smiles Whisper “Boring” to Joe You whisper, “Boring” to Joe @who Name Connect Idle Time Time John has entered the room (hear footsteps) You say, “Hi everyone” John says, “Hi everyone” You smile John smiles Look John Move John to public place Change John’s description John’s textual description Disallow John whisper Disallow John from this room (Wizard)

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Video Walls: Video-based Virtual Reality

Camera & Microphone Screen & Speaker Camera & Microphone Room 1 Room 2 Screen & Speaker

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Media Space

Room 2 Room 4 Map

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Hydra: Gaze Awareness

Figure originally appears in [5].

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6.1.7. MAJIC: Real-Life with Seamless User Boundaries

Figure originally appears in [36]

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Session

DIVE: Navigation- based VR

Application User 2 User 1 User 3 User 4 Aura Supports Unintended Collaboration Non intrusive

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Hallway Model

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Gesture Cam: Remote Surrogate

Figure originally appears in [30]

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Gesture Cam: Architecture

Figure Originally appears in [30]

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  • Colab. PsyBench
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PSyBench

Psybench.gif

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Psy Bench Architecture

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In Touch

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In Touch Architecture

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6.1.9. Mail++

  • Talk++
  • Mail++
  • File++
  • Talk + Mail
  • Talk + File
  • Mail + File
  • Talk + Mail + File
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Information Lens: Typed Messages

Subject: …. Type: Exam Change Notice Semi-structured typed messages Messages Notices Requests Room Change Notice Exam Change Notice Exam Change Request Class Absence Request Type Hierarchy Joe Absence 14 Exam Change Type-based filtering Notices

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Notes Mail

Category 1 2/24/99 Main message 1 (John Smith, responses) 2/25/99 Response 1 (Mary Lowe, 1 response) 2/26/96 Response 2 (Joe Doe) Category 2 2/24/96 Main message 2 (Mary Lowe, 1 response) Doe, Joe

  • 1. 2/26/99 Response 2 (re. Main message 1)

Lowe, Mary

  • 1. 2/24/99 Main message 2
  • 2. 2/26/96 Response 2 (Joe Doe)

By Category By Author

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Coordinator: Structured Conversation

Customer Producer Request (response, completion, alert dates) Acknowledge Agree Interim-Report/Cancel/New-Promise Report-Completion Satisfaction Automation of form fields alerts, reminders status information Customer Producer Request Agree Satisfaction Complete

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Action Workflow

Status By Candidate Workflow Step Manage Review Director Manager Director Manager 2 Schedule Interview 1 4 3 Director Manager Declare Assessment 9 8 10 7 Manager Technical Directors Submit Evaluation Form 5 6

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ATOMICMAIL: Computational Mail

Data Program Mail Receiver display/animate graphics gather data and mail Lisp-based PL Single Directory Accessed File Creation Limited Mail Messages Limited

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6.1.15. File++

  • Talk++
  • Mail++
  • File++
  • Talk + Mail
  • Talk + File
  • Mail + File
  • Talk + Mail + File
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Quilt: Writeable Typed Hypermedia

Revisions Suggestions Public comments Private messages Other Document Creation time Creator Logging Machine Level (Insert-Char) User-Level (Reorganized Section 2) Roles Reader < Commenter < Co-Author Triggers Alert significant changes Colab Styles Author modifies owned section Co-author modifies all Designated editor modifies all

Artifact = Document +

  • Colab. Info.
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PREP: Zero-Cost Hyperlinks

Main text Alice’s comments Benu’s comments Chou’s comments Para 1 Para 2

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IBIS: Structured Issue Resolution

*I: Which processor should be used ?P: Processor A AS: Fast *P: Processor B AS: Cheap, already in use

  • P: Processor C

AS: Cheap & fast AO: Will not be available in time Resolved issue Unresolved position Argument Supporting Current position Rejected position Argument objecting

Artifact =

  • Colab. Info.
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6.1.19. CLARE: Structured Discussion + Process Model

RESRA (Representation Schema of Research Artifacts)

Figure originally appears in [39]

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CLARE: Structured Discussion + Process Model

SECAI (Summarization, Evaluation, Comparison, Argumentation)

Figure originally appears in [39]

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6.1.20. Talk + File

  • Talk++
  • Mail++
  • File++
  • Talk + File
  • Talk + Mail
  • Mail + File
  • Talk + Mail + File
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RTCAL: Real-Time Artifact Sharing

Application Commands Regular User Chair Conference Control Commands join, leave get floor, release floor, terminate Application Commands Proposal: 10am Vote: Yes Proposal: 10am Vote: No Public Appts Private Appts Public Appts Public Appts Public Appts Topic, Participants Chair, Controller Topic, Participants Chair, Controller Awareness

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GROVE: Access-Controlled Views

Outline Title

  • 1. Readable and writeable item

1.1 Also readable and writeable *.Shared readable and writeable * .* Shared readable

User 2 User 3 User 4 Outline Title 1.Readable and writeable item

1.1 Also readable and writeable 1.2 Another public item *.* Different shared item

User 1 User 3 User 4 User 1 User 2 Independent Scrolling Incremental Sharing No Concurrency Control User and State Awareness Fine-grained Access Control public, shared, private read, write rights

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Central Host Host 1 Host 2

CES: Delayed Commitment & Tickle Locks

Document Root Text Node Owner User 1 Text Node Owner User 2 Sharing of Committed Results Implicit Commit Del/CR Tickle Locks Version Stack

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GroupDraw: Virtual Gestures & Optimistic Locks

User 2 Implicit Locking/Unlocking Optimistic Locking Fine-grained CC & AC Uncoupled Scrollbars & Palettes Coupled Graphical Objects User 1 Multiuser Scrollbar & Gestalt Viewer

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Pebbles: Single-Display Groupware

* +

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6.1.25. Clearboard: Face to face Awareness

Figure available from http://ishii.www.media.mit.edu/people/ishii/CB.html.

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Clearboard: Architecture

Figure first appeared in [26]

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TeamWorkstation: Integrated Desktop & Computer Awareness

Figure available at http://ishii.www.media.mit.edu/people/ishii/TWS.html

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Editing paper xxxx yyyyy

TELE-SCREEN

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Editing paper xxxx yyyyy

TELE-DESK

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Editing paper xxxx yyyyy

SCREEN-OVERLAY

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Editing paper xxxx yyyyy

DESK-OVERLAY

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SCREEN & DESK-OVERLAY

Editing paper xxxx yyyyy

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Editing paper xxxx yyyyy

COMPUTER-SHARING

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6.1.27. Talk + Mail

  • Talk++
  • Mail++
  • File++
  • Talk + File
  • Talk + Mail
  • Mail + File
  • Talk + Mail + File
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6.1.28. Mail + File

  • Talk++
  • Mail++
  • File++
  • Talk + Mail
  • Talk + File
  • Mail + File
  • Talk + Mail + File
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Message M Message 1 Message 2

News: Shared Mailboxes

Send Receive User 2 User 2 User 1 User N User 1 User N

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News: Scaleable Architecture

News Client News Client News Client eventual delivery of immutable messages post news News Server News Server News Server News Server exchange news read news

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Message/News Filtering

  • Agent-based

– Newsgroup – Discussion Thread – Urgent Message – Sender Cost – Strings in Messages – Message Length – Spell Checking – Included Messages

  • Rating-based

– Moderator – Known Reviewers – Anonymous Reviewers

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6.1.31. Group Lens: Aggregate-based Filtering

  • Multiple (arbitrary) people rate message
  • Rating combined into one aggregate number specific to reader
  • Correlation coefficient - CAB:

Sum (i = 1 to n) ((Ai - Amean)* (Bi - Bmean))

  • Sqrt ( (Sum (i = 1 to n) (Ai - Amean)**2) * Sum (i = 1 to n) (Bi - Bmean)**2))
  • Given set S of rating users, aggregate:

Sum (i = 1 to n) (Bi - Bmean)*CABi)

  • ------------------------------------- + Amean

Sum (I = 1 to n) CABi

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Group Lens

News Client News Server post news read news Better Bit Bureau send rating post rating Modified News Client get rating read rating Filterbot (Rating Agent) read news send rating

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Evaluating Aggregation-based Filtering

  • Coverage

– Measures % of time predications are available

  • Statistical Accuracy

– Measures how computed rating deviates from actual rating – Disproportionately higher weight to large deviation

  • Decision Support Accuracy

– Probability random “good” item rejected by system – Probablility random “bad” item accepted by system

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Experiments

No Filterbot Spell Include Length general

40, 69 43, 67 46, 70 44, 67

perl.misc

7, 65 42, 74 13, 64 13, 68

linux.announce

14, 66 46, 68 20, 61 48, 70

food.recipes

22, 61 71, 66 27, 66 42, 56

rec.humor

15, 46 50, 80 50, 72 16, 71

Coverage, Decision Making Accuracy

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Mercury: Automatic Asynchronous Error Notification

module A export T type T = char User 1 Module B import T v: T = ‘a’ User 2 Edit T Asynchronous Error notification Buffered Notifications module A export T type T = String

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GroupDesk: Automatic Customizable Awareness Notification

Relations: Owner Events: Modification Interested Users: Alice, Benu Relation Classes Object Classes Event Classes Similar-to Document Modification Version-of Object Comment Added can establish can raise Interest Context

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6.1.34. Talk + Mail + File

  • Talk++
  • Mail++
  • File++
  • Talk + Mail
  • Talk + File
  • Mail + File
  • Talk + Mail + File
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6.1.35. IRI: Distance Learning Environment

Figure available at http://www.cs.odu.edu/~tele/iri.