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Sustainable biopolymers

Production, applications and future directions

Lars M. Blank

A collaborative MOOC-Project by: part of the

Lars M. Blank

Challenges of the bioplastic life cycle

2015 2010 2017 2010 Worldwide polymer/plastic production

Adapted from Jambeck et al., Science 2015; Data origin: 1 Plastics Europe, „Plastics – The Facts 2013“; 2 Cozar et al., 2014; Erikson et als., 2014; 3 European Bioplastics, nova-Institute 2015; 4 Plastics Europe, „Plastics – The Facts 2016“; 5 European Bioplastics, nova-Institute 2017

6,350-245,00 t 2

estimated plastic waste floating at the

• cean surface

393 Mt

global polymer production3

275 Mt

total plastic waste

270 Mt

global plastic production1

99.5 Mt

coastal plastic waste

31.9 Mt

coastal mismanaged plastic waste

2.05 Mt

bio-plastic production5

322 Mt

global plastic production4

8 Mt

plastic waste goes into the see

Recent bioplastics global production capacities

data: European Bioplastics, nova-Institute (2017)

1000 2000 3000

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2022 990 1034 1291 1291 1174 1354 591 663 737 757 880 1086

in 1000 t

2028 forecast 1581 1697 2440 2048 2054 total capacity biodegradable bio-based/ non-biodegradable

Other (biobased/ non-biodegradable)

PET 26.3 % PA 11.2 % PE 9.7 %

• ther 9.2 %
• ther 1.5 %

PBAT 5 % PBS 4.9 % PLA 10.3 % PHA 2.4 % Starch blend 18.8 %

starch blend PHA PLA PBS PBAT

• ther

(biodegradable)

Bioplastics global production capacities, 2017

data: European Bioplastics; nova-Institute (2017)

PET PA PE

Total: 2.05 million tons

biobased/ non-biodegradable 57.1 % biodegradable 42.9 %

Life cycle of bioplastics

Closing the loop

biotechnology & chemistry

product manufacturing bioplastic production use disposal feedstock

reuse

reduction of

• oil dependence
• greenhouse gas emission
• waste

EU28+2, 2008

• plastic waste – 24.9 Mt
• packaging plastic waste – 63 %

data: European Commission DG Environment

Waste-management strategies

mechanical recycling chemical recycling plastic or product production reuse landfill feedstock/ monomers

• by heat
• chemically
• enzymatically
• closed-loop recycle
• downcycling
• upcycling

energy recover electricity heat

• incineration

Recycling rates – Europe and worldwide

25.8 mt

• f plastics waste

29.7 %

is recycled

39.5 %

is incinerated

30.8 %

is landfilled

2014, EU28+2 2013, worldwide 10 %

is recycled (14 % collected)

14 %

Incineration or energy recovery

40 %

is landfilled

32 %

leakage

78 mt

• f plastics waste

data: PlasticsEurope, “Plastic – The Facts 2016”; Ellen MacArthur Foundation, “The new plastics economy, 2016”

Collecting rates of PET-bottles, 2016

data: GVM, 2016; NAPCOR, 2016; Petcore Europe, 2016; picture: greensutra.in

28.4 % 59.8 % 93.5 %

2016 collecting sorting plastic recycling process shredding pellet making re-using

Plastics have several lives

photos: PlasticsEurope; data: GVM – Gesellschaft für Verpackungsmarktforschung

2013

93.6 %

recycling

11.2 %

• ther applications

27.3 %

film industry

29.4 %

textile fiber industry

32.1 %

new PET bottles recycled plastic used to manufacture new products

• utdoor

elements furniture automotive clothes & footwear building & construction bags & packaging

Use of biopolymers can reduce the carbon footprint

source: www. corbion.com

life cycle assessment for lactic acid/lactide production process in Thailand – cradle to gate

4 kg CO2 92 kg CO2 307 kg CO2

• 164 kg CO2

by-products sugar mill

• 1467 kg CO2

609 kg CO2 369 kg CO2 sugarcane fields lactide plant 26 kg CO2 customers lactide back to agriculture as soil conditioner burning limestone mining limestone lime CO2 capture/ avoided emissions CO2 emissions

total carbon footprint

• 224

kg CO2 per ton lactide

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