Chall llenges of Urmia Lake and Restoration Program By: Hossein - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Chall llenges of Urmia Lake and Restoration Program By: Hossein - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

May 06, 2023 318 likes •1.09k views

In the name of God Chall llenges of Urmia Lake and Restoration Program By: Hossein Shahbaz ulrp@sharif.edu Photo: Urmia Lake dried bed IRAN: 6 main hydrological Basins; Area of the Basin:52,000 Sq.Km Area of the Urmia Lake

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Chall llenges of Urmia Lake and Restoration Program

By: Hossein Shahbaz ulrp@sharif.edu

In the name of God

Photo: Urmia Lake dried bed

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Lake Urmia Basin

 IRAN: 6 main hydrological Basins;  Area of the Basin:52,000 Sq.Km  Area of the Urmia Lake (original size): 5,000 Sq.Km  Population: 5,000,000 (2011)  Provinces: West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan, Kurdistan

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Different sectors contribution in Urmia basin’s GDP and employment 2007

3

sector Proportion in Urmia basin’s GDP Employment percentage Water consumption percentage service

58 36.5 1

industry

27 34.2 1.4

agriculture

15 29.3 89

source: Studies of the National Water Master Plan- update

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Ecological Values of the wetlands in Lake Urmia Basin

  • 1 National Park - Lake Urmia
  • 1 UNESCO - Biosphere Reserve -

Lake Urmia

  • 5 Ramsar Sites in the basin - Lake

Urmia and some of satellite wetlands.

  • 9 Globally important bird area -

Lake Urmia and satellite wetlands.

4

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5

Ulrp.sharif.ir

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White Pelican breading in Lake Urmia islands –

  • ld photo from DOE Archive

Ecological Values (continue):

6

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Ecological Values (continue):

Artemia urmiana Endemic species in Lake Urmia

7

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Levels of Urmia Lake 1965 - 2015

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1344 1348 1352 1356 1360 1364 1368 1372 1376 1380 1384 1388 1392 1269 1270 1271 1272 1273 1274 1275 1276 1277 1278 1279

YEAR

LEVEL (M)

1965 1989 1995 2001 2015

8 meters declined Highest level: 1278.1m in 1995 Lowest level: 1270.06m in 2015

Ecological Level

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Lake Urmia

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bed of Urmia Lake – Summer 2013

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Challenges (continue):

  • Drought-ness in Lake Urmia Islands

and Migration of Wildlife to out of the lake

Date: Dec. 2010

12

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Challenges :

  • Crystallization of salt in Lake Urmia

Salt Density: 400 g/L - Date: Dec. 2010

13

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Agricultural lands around the dried lake are drying out

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Had been Urmia lake dry up during its history?

Except from last decades observations, do geological evidences confirm natural lake dry up due to the global warming?

200000 years hydrological fluctuation in Urmia lake

Urmia lake 2014

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Main reasons in drying up Urmia lake

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Urmia lake status variation during last 100 years ago

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Weather variation in Urmia lake basin

Long-term mean precipitation series in Urmia lake basin

1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 1995 2001 2006 2012

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Mean temperature fluctuation in Urmia lake basin

Weather variation in Urmia lake basin

1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 1995 2001 2006 2012

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The variation of runoff entering the lake

1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 1995 2001 2006 2012

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Province Utilized Under construction No. Water Reservoir MCM No . Water Reservoir MCM

  • E. Azerbaijan

63 616.2 2 32.3

  • W. Azerbaijan

14 1751.8 5 696 Kurdistan 1 86 Total 77 2368 8 814.3

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Shahar Chai Declined 71% Nazloo River Declined 57% Rozeh Chai Delined 56% Zola river Declined 66%

Reference: Management of Water Resources of Iran Company Declining of surface water runoff to the lake comparing two periods: Before crisis 1966-1996 After crisis 1997- 2012

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Location of the wells in three provinces

Wells located in East Azerbaijan

Wells located in Kurdistan

Wells located in West Azerbaijan 107000 wells are available in the basin which are consuming surface water then no water can reach the lake.

Year 2002 2007 2012

Number

  • f wells

64400 88900 107000

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24

5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000 55000 60000 65000 70000 75000 80000 85000 90000

Number

يبآ لاس

Trend of number of the wells

1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2005 2010 2014

Shallow wells

Total

Deep wells

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Irrigated Area Changes

25 Ref.: Fatahian (2012)

Orchards increased %33 and irrigated lands increased %105

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100 200 300 400 500 600 1353 1358 1363 1368 1373 1378 1383 1388 1393

1000 ha

1978 1985 1995 2005 2010 2014 Trend of irrigation lands changes

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27

2013-2014

27عبنم :ش یتعنص هاگشناد رود زا شجنس زکرمفیر

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Crop Pattern changes

2006 1994 Crop 511926 381751

Total Irrigation Land

36 % 43 %

Grains

20 % 25 %

Fodder

1.5 % 2.6 %

Cereals

0.24 % 1.6 %

Oil Seeds

4.4 % 1.9 %

Sugar beet

  • 6

%

Vegetables

3.5 % 3.8 %

Potato

30 % 16 %

Orchards

30

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Challenges (continue):

  • Prevention of water Circulation in the lake by

causeway

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يكشخ موادت زا يشان ياه بيسآ و تارطخ مها هيمورا هچايرد

ررگزير ديلوت ياه نوناك هعسوت زا يشان يكمن ياهدرگزير داجيا رد د نآ رواجم راز هروش قطانم و هيمورا هچايرد  ينوكسم و يزرواشك ياه هدودحم هب نآ هعسوت و يياز نابايب  هقطنم رد جلبعلا بعص ياه يراميب داجيا  يزرواشك يضارا نتفر نيب زا ياهاترسور هيلخت هژيو هب و هچايرد رواجم قطانم زا ترجاهم شيازفا هچايرد كيدزن  هقطنم رد يميلقا تاناسون و رييغت ديدشت

33

Salt storm

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Introducing Urmia lake as one of the main centers in the Middle East

( Ginoux et al., 2012 )

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Zone number Maximum

  • bserved area

(km2) Repetition number 1 39 1

2

88 6 3 23 1 4 23 4 5 44 4

Dust production cores

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36

Fluent sand on west margin of Urmia Lake (Jebel-Kandy region) January 2015

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HYSPLIT4 simulation results for August 2012

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Dust trajectories will get altitude up to 1000 m over the ground surface and will distribute northward to more than latitude of 41 N. It means the situation of Lake Urmia is not a national problem and it will affect a region with a radius of more than 250 km

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Changes in the area of the Urmia lake and the Albedo

500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 AREA OF URMIA LAKE (SQ.KM) َ ALBEDO YEAR

Albedo of U.L Area of the U.L

From 2007 to 2013, Urmia lake’s albedo has improved fourth fold and total lake and dried up regions Albedo has grown as many 2.5 times as its previous value.

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Urmia Lake water level before crisis: 1277.69 masl

Annual evaporation and consequent salt/minerals sedimentation added layer on layer to fill the deep parts causing significant changes in geomorphology of the lake

Current water level: 1270.30 masl Lake salinity before crisis: 160 ppt Amount of salt in Lake water: 33 bm3 * 240 kg/m3 = 8 Billion tons Where the salt has gone?

Minerals are sedimented mostly in deep zones

40

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Threats

  • Health

– Skin – Eyes – Lungs

  • Environmental

– Salt – Desertification – Migrant Birds – Wildlife

  • Agriculture/Economical

– Farms – Tourism –

  • Social

– Leave their land – Unemployment

41

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Health Threats

A Pilot on Health Issue  Subject: The Epidemiology

  • f

diseases from dust  Objective: Assessment

  • f

dust impacts on Lungs of School Children  Study area; 3 schools, 88 students

42

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  • 1. Asthma and Bronchitis
  • 2. Acute Respiratory Infections
  • 3. Upper respiratory infections
  • 4. Occlusive disease of the respiratory
  • 5. Various types of incurable diseases
  • 6. Cardiovascular disease and heart attacks

Probable disease due to continuing the status quo

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44

1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 11 10 12 13 14 15 6

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Socio-cultural council of West Azerbaijan Socio-cultural council of East Azerbaijan

Econ

  • nomic

ical l Com

  • mmit

ittee

Urm rmia ia La Lake Res estor

  • ratio

ion Na Nation

  • nal Co

Committee

Sec Secretary and and Ex Executive Dir Director

West Azerbaij ijan Prov

  • vin

incia ial l Offic ice Urmia ia Lak Lake Restoratio ion Prog

  • gram su

supe pervis ised by by Shar harif if Univ niversit ity y of f Tec Eas ast Azerbaij ijan Prov

  • vin

incia ial l Offic ice Coo

  • ordin

inatin ing Com

  • mmit

ittee Techn hnical l Com

  • mmit

ittee Steering Committee Urmia ia Univ niversity ity Tabriz iz Univ niversity ty Pl Plan annin ing and nd Resource Mob

  • bili

ilizatio tion Unit nit (PRM RMU) Soc

  • cio

io-cu cult ltural l Com

  • mmit

ittee Ex Executi tive Man anagement t Offic ice Research Offic ice Internatio ional l Coo

  • operatio

tion Div Div

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Solutions (5 out of 26)

  • 1. Control and save water in agricultural sector
  • 40% surface-water saving and groundwater rights for a period of two years through

intervention of Ministry of Energy

  • Preparation and implementation of programs to increase efficiency of 60% remainder
  • f agricultural sector water use by Ministry of Jihad-e Agriculture.
  • Provision of funds and technology required for increasing efficiency of the remaining

water demand by the government.

  • 2. Prohibition on any increase in water resources withdrawal inside the basin as well as

preventing new developments with a particular focus on agricultural sector

  • 3. Prohibition of all un-authorized surface water withdrawals
  • 4. Suspension of all dam construction projects in phases one and two (with the exception of

Shahid Madani and Cheragh Veis Dams) along with all downstream water supply and irrigation networks throughout Lake Urmia Basin in Shahid Madani Dam water storage and release for the sole purpose of serving the Lake Urmia Basin

  • 5. Implement systematic monitoring and management of groundwater wells throughout the

Lake Urmia Basin using smart metering technology in order to thoroughly quantify, control and increase the inflow from the rivers to the Lake.

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Main Objectives

Reduction of 40% water in Agriculture sector Providing water from new resources Software activities: Policy, Research, Knowledge generation Precaution

Monitoring and control of surface and ground water withdrawal Facilitating Water supply to the lake by new Infrastructure

Main

  • bjectives
  • f 26

solutions

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48

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

1270/5 1271/0 1271/5 1272/0 1272/5 1273/0 1273/5 1274/0 1274/5 1275/0 Restoration Period

Stabilization Period

Final Restoration

Ecologic Level Lake level will approach the ecological level Vision in 2023

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Inter-Sectoral Coordination and Synergy of Different Stakeholders

Integrated Management Plan of Lake Urmia watershed sustainable agriculture practices

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Trust Building and Participatory Rural Assessment

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Challenges (continue):

  • Drought-ness in Lake Urmia Islands

Water transport for wildlife of Lake Urmia Islands

51

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Challenges (continue):

  • Drought-ness in Lake Urmia Islands

Fodder transport for wildlife of Lake Urmia Islands

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Supplying adequate needed seed to perform biological fixation by public participation

53

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54

May 2016

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Some Examples

Before Plantation in semi salt lands After

Before waste water management After

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Grazing management and protection in the 5500 hectare

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Releasing water from Dams

Saroogh Bookan

Noroozloo diversion dam

Connectivity Channel between Zarinehrood and Siminehrood

Water Release

  • Total volume of released water

from Saroogh and Bookan dams until 28th of February 2015, is equal to 75 million cubic meters.

  • Remained volume is 61 million

cubic meters. future plan

  • Releasing water up to 136 million

cubic meters (includes 116 million cubic meters from Bookan dam and 20 million cubic meters from Saroogh dam) over 40 days period with dischrge rate of 40 cubic meters per second

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Hasanloo Hasanloo dam is located out of

  • riverbed. Total volume of released

water from Hasanloo dam until April 2015, is equal to 40 million cubic meters.

Saroogh Bookan

Noroozloo diversion dam

Connectivity Channel between Zarinehrood and Siminehrood

Dredging rivers

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The map of Dredging rivers poured into the south of Urmia Lake

End Show

  • --- implementing
  • --- implemented

End Show Mahabadchai and Godarchai joint point Progress percentage: 12% Progress percentage: 20% joint point of Mahabadchai, Godarchai and zarinehrood to siminehrood

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60

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Release water from Bookan dam has entered main channel

Released water has enter Siminehrood and reached to the lake body Join the flow of released water from dams, transferred water from Zarinehrood, and Siminehrood base flow at Great Bridge Siminehrood location

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Opening and dredging Ajichai river

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Connecting Zarinehrood to Siminehrood

Blue line: had been implemented Red line: not implemented yet Images of dredging Zarinehrood

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Waste water Treatment

Tabriz, Azar

  • Shahr. Oskoo,

Maragheh, Ajab Shir Urmia, Golman, Miandoab, Bookan, Mahabad, Shahin Dezh, Oshnaviyeh, Naghadeh, Salmas

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Implemented actions for dust control

65

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Recent progress of Silveh building process

66

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Recent progress of Jaldian channel building process

67

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Oct. 2015

 Dec. 2015

Sept. 2016

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69

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70

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هام تشهبيدرا1395 زارت :1271.01رتم September 2015 Level: 1270.08 asl September 2016 Level: 1270.54 asl

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Current Status of the Urmia Lake ( Source: Water Research Center, MoE )

1270 1270.2 1270.4 1270.6 1270.8 1271 1271.2 1271.4 0.00 30.00 60.00 90.00 120.00 150.00 180.00 210.00 240.00 270.00 300.00 330.00 360.00

Sea level (m) March September February level in 2012-13 level in 2013-14 level in 2014-15 level in 2015-16 level in 2016-17

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Precipitation of 20.09.2015- 20.08.2016

Date Above sea level (m) Volume (BM3) Area (km2) 1 Sep 2016 1270.70 1.84 2196 1 Sep 2015 1270.12 0.81 1473 1 Sep 2014 1270.21 0.95 1629 1 Sep 2013 1270.54 1.53

2047

Ecological Level 1274.1 14.4 4333

73 Basin Year 2015-16

Year 2014-15

Average (last 47 years)

2015-16/2014-215

Changes of 2015-16 against long term

Urmia lake 324 301 263

% 8 + % 23 +

Status of Urmia Lake during last four years

Date Above sea level (m) Volume (BM3) Area (km2) 1 Oct 2016 1270.50 1.47 2001 1 Oct 2015 1270.05 0.72 1369 1 Oct 2014 1270.10 0.78 1439 1 Oct 2013 1270.37 1.23

1844

Ecological Level 1274.1 14.4 4333

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Water body of the lake- 2015 and 16

74

25 Aug 2015 24 Aug 2016

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International Collaboration

75

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Signing agreement on third phase of project “Contribution to Lake Urmia Restoration via local community participation in sustainable agriculture and biodiversity conservation”

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Italy

  • SGI on Integrated Agricultural Plan
  • CREA on Remote Sensing
  • OPTOSMART on Optic-fiber
Russia Australia USA Italy Finland Turkey Germany Japan Bangladesh Netherlands Georgia

USA

  • State University of Utah
  • University of California Irvine
  • University of Cornell (Environmental

wicked problem)

  • Iranian Scientists

Australia

  • Murry-Darling Basin
  • Melbourne University

Turkey

  • University of Van
  • An international company on Remote

econtrol and record of water withdrawal of the wells (Tayfur)

  • Doing a pilot project on Soil

enrichment, 20 Hectares by Organiksa Company Bangladesh

  • Sharing the experiences of 15 member

countries of a regional organization named Center on Integrated Rural Development for Asia and the Pacific Finland Geological Survey of Finland

  • Re-mining and Mineral Processing
  • Mineral Policy
  • Climate change adaption, Food

security Germany

  • University of Hamburg
  • University of Bonn
  • Research Center of Bonn University

(ZEF)

  • Global Nature Fund (GNF)

Japan

  • Hydrological Model by JICA
  • CEPA Comprehensive Plan by UNDP
  • Water Resources Management by FAO

The Netherlands University of Wageningen

  • ฀

Dust stabilizing

  • Sharing their Experiences in Egypt on

Halophytes

Engagement with Overseas

International Organizations

  • UNDP
  • FAO
  • IIASA
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78

World’s help required to save Urmia Lake