CEE 370 Environmental Engineering Principles Lecture #26 Water - - PDF document

CEE 370 Lecture #26 11/8/2019 Lecture #26 Dave Reckhow 1

David Reckhow CEE 370 L#26 1

CEE 370 Environmental Engineering Principles

Lecture #26 Water Quality Management IV: Estuaries & Oceans

Reading: Mihelcic & Zimmerman, Chapter 7

Reading: Davis & Cornwall, Chapt 5-5 to 5-6

Reading: Davis & Masten, Chapter 9-5 to 9-6 Updated: 8 November 2019

Print version

Combined sewer overflows

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Pg 72, from Fair & Geyer, 1954

 CSOs

 Intended to protect

wastewater systems from high flows

 A major source of

contamination in many surface waters

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Combined Sewer Overflows

 Most CSOs are in the Northeast

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Combined Sewer Overflows

City # outfalls

Agawam 12 Chicopee 40 Erving 1 Holyoke 15 Ludlow 5 Montague 3 Palmer 26 South Hadley 11 Springfield 25

City # outfalls

Boston 66 Cambridge 13 Chelsea 5 Fall River 19 Fitchburg 27 Gloucester 4 Haverhill 23 Lawrence 2 Lowell 15 Lynn 4 New Bedford 39 Somerville 12 Taunton 1 Worcester 1

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Hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico

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4 Disciplines

 Geological Oceanography

 Structure of the sea floor

 Chemical Oceanography

 Chemical composition and properties of

seawater

 Physical Oceanography

 Waves, tides, currents

 Biological Oceanography

 Oceanic life forms

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Physical Characteristics of the Oceans

Pacific 181 714 3,940 11,022 Atlantic 107 351 3,293 9,219 Indian 74 285 3,870 7,400 Total 362 1350 3,729 11,022

Chemical Oceanography

Sea Area Volume Depth (m)

(106 km2) (106 km3)

ave max

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Regional Oceanography

Wilkinson Basin Jordan Basin George’s Basin George’s Bank

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 Composition

• f sea water

From Johnson et al., 2000

Sediment Types

Chemical Oceanography

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Descriptive Oceanography



Distribution of t, S and density



Currents in the World Oceans



Water Masses in the Oceans



Use of Chemical Tracers

14C, Tritium, 3He, CFC



Age of Water Masses



The Ocean Conveyor Belt

Chemical Oceanography

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Surface Temperatures

Chemical Oceanography

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Temperature Distribution

Solar Radiation

Waters are colder in Polar regions Waters are warmer in Equatorial Regions

Upwelling

Waters are colder off the Western Coasts

• f continents

Chemical Oceanography

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Temperature Depth Profiles

Summer Fall Winter Spring

Seasonal: North Atlantic

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Temperature Profiles

LOW LATITUDES 10 20 DEPTH (m) 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 MID LATITUDES 10 HIGH LATITUDES

• 5

5

MIXED LAYER MAIN THERMOCLINE ZONE WINTER SEASONAL THERMOCLINE (SUMMER) DICOTHERMAL LAYER

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Growth and Decay of Thermocline

T e m p e ra tu re ( oC )

2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 Depth (m) 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0

M A R M A Y N O V J A N J U L Y A U G S E P T

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Surface Salinity of Ocean Waters

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Salinity Distribution



Precipitation and Melting of Ice

• 1. Salinity is lower in Polar Regions
• 2. Salinity is lower in Equatorial Regions
• 3. Salinity is lower in Estuarine Regions



Evaporation and Freezing

• 1. Salinity is higher in mid-Latitudes
• 2. Salinity is higher in Med. and Red Seas
• 3. Salinity is higher in the Atlantic than the

Pacific

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Salinity vs Evaporation minus Precipitation

LATITUDE

• 60
• 40
• 20

20 40 60

SALINITY

33 34 35 36 37

Salinity Evap - Ppt

100

• 100

EVAPORATION - PRECIPITATION, cm/y

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Salinity of Ocean Waters

3 3 3 5 3 7 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 3 3 3 5 Depth (m) S a lin ity 3 4 3 6 5 0 0

H ig h L a t. L o w a n d M id L a t. H ig h L a t. L o w a n d M id L a t.

A tla n tic P a c ific T ro p ic s

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Temperature in Atlantic Ocean

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Salinity in Atlantic Ocean

Chemical Oceanography

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Ocean Currents

From Johnson et al., 1992

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Depth profiles

 Atlantic vs  Pacific

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