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ATM Introduction The Grand Unification 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas Agenda What is it? Who wants it? Who did it? Header and Switching ATM Layer Hypercube Adaptation Layers Signaling Addresses 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas

  1. ATM Introduction The Grand Unification 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas

  2. Agenda  What is it? Who wants it? Who did it?  Header and Switching  ATM Layer Hypercube  Adaptation Layers  Signaling  Addresses 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 2

  3. What is ATM ?  High-Speed Virtual Circuits  PVC and SVC  No error recovery  UNI and NNI defined  Constant frame sizes  Cells  Based on B-ISDN specifications  Voice, Video, Data 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 3

  4. Design Ideas Asynchronous TDM ATM copy Best trunk utilization Flexible channel assignment copy through addresses Synchronous TDM Solved through Fast Switching and short delays fake through constant timeslots constant frame sizes Solved through fake Protocol Transparent adaptation layers 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 4

  5. Cell Switching and Jitter Voice and FTP over Frame Relay Delay variations (!) Constant delays possible with ATM 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 5

  6. Cell Switching  Forwarding of cells implemented in HW  Very fast  But still packet switching  Store and forwarding  Asynchronous multiplexing  Because of constant cell size the queuing algorithms can guarantee  Bounded delay  Maximum delay variations 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 6

  7. ATM Usage  Public and private networks  LAN, MAN, WAN  Backbone high-speed networks  Public (Telcos) or private  Original goal: World-wide ATM network  But Internet technology and state-of-the art Ethernet are more attractive today  New importance as backbone technology for mobile applications  Cellular networks for GSM, GPRS, UMTS, ... 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 7

  8. ATM Network ATM DTE ATM DTE UNI ATM DCE ATM DCE ATM DCE NNI ATM DCE ATM DTE UNI + NNI defined ATM DTE 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 8

  9. Virtual Circuits VPI VCI 1/253 3/253 1/200 3/200 3/2 3/2 1/452 3/452 66/6 100/6 IN OUT 9/99 66/6 9/99 5/88 1/321 Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) 1/123 Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI) 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 9

  10. Who Did It?  CCITT (now ITU-T) issued first recommendations for B-ISDN in 1988  Recommendation I.121  Aspects and Terms only  Switch vendors founded ATM-Forum  To accelerate development  Majority rule instead of consensus  Also pushed ITU-T standardization 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 10

  11. Public and Private Networks  ITU-T: Public ATM Networks  Public UNI: E.164 addressing  Public NNI: Static routing  ATM-Forum: Private ATM Networks  Private UNI: OSI NSAP like addressing  Private NNI: Dynamic routing (PNNI) 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 11

  12. NNI Types Public NNI Private ATM Public ATM B-ICI (NNI-ICI) Public ATM ICI...Inter Carrier Interface 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 12

  13. What is B-ISDN?  ITU-T identified several demands  Emerging need for broadband services  High speed switching  Improved data- and image processing capabilites available to the user  Support for real-time services  Support for interactive services  Support for distribution services  Circuit and packet mode 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 13

  14. ATM and B-ISDN  B-ISDN are broadband (=highspeed) services for the user  ATM to transport B-ISDN  Alternatives to B-ISDN  IEEE 802.6 (DQDB) pushed by data communication industry (dying out)  Gigabit Ethernet (new) 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 14

  15. The ATM Cell  53 Byte Cells  No technical reason  Agreement only  The payload must be encapsulated within predefined AAL frames  Framing, Protection, etc 5 Byte 48 Byte Payload Header 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 15

  16. AAL 3/4 Framing Example AAL 3/4 Convergence Sublayer (CS) Trailer Datagram Header Segmentation and Reassembly (SAR) Layer Trailer Header ATM Layer 2 Byte 44 Byte 2 Byte 5 Byte Trailer Datagram-Segment Header Header 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 16

  17. ATM Header UNI Header NNI Header GFC VPI VPI VPI VCI VCI PT CLP PT CLP HEC HEC 8 bit VPI for users 12 bit VPI inside the network 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 17

  18. Payload Type User User data (0) Set to (1) if signaling or OAM (1) Congested bit  100 OAM F5 segment  101 OAM F5 end-to-end  110 Resource Management (RM)  Also used by AAL5 to indicate end of block (EOB)  Other combinations: user data 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 18

  19. Header Fields  Cell Loss Priority (CLP)  Similar to DE bit in Frame Relay  Identifies less important cells  Header Error Check  CRC-8 to protect the header only  I 4.321: Used for cell delineation (6 successive hits necessary) 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 19

  20. VC Switching  VC Switching distinguishes each virtual circuit according to its 73/10 VPI and VCI  Many table entries necessary 10/12 27/99 3/20 1/8 5/77 19/19 80/31 2/1 53/76 22/33 20/44 4/5 17/91 10/12 21/41 112/89 40/30 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 20

  21. VP and VC Switching  VC switching only when necessary (at borders and branches) 73/10  Fewer table entries necessary  10/12 Probably faster 100/99 100/20 VPI=100 100/19 VPI=152 2/1 20/44 VPI=65 200/91 200/12 200/41 112/89 40/30 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 21

  22. Connection Types Point-to-point: unidirectional or bidirectional Point-to-multipoint: unidirectional only 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 22

  23. ATM Protocol Architecture Management Plane Control Plane User Plane Higher Layer Additional headers and fragmentation according service ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) Create ATM cells and ATM Layer headers Physical Layer 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 23

  24. ...And In Detail Plane and layer management (Resources, Parameters, OAM Flow, Meta-Signaling) Outband signaling in designated VCs Management Plane (I-LMI) Control User Plane Signaling Class A Class B Class C Class D and CBR for VBR for Connection Connection Circuit Audio oriented less Control Emulation and Video Data Data AAL1 AAL2 AAL3/4 or 5 Service Convergence Sublayer (CS) Dependent Segmentation and Reassembly (SAR) ATM Layer Transmission Convergence (TC) PDH and SONET/SDH Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 24

  25. Control Plane DTE DCE DCE 0/18 (PNNI) 0/5 (Q.2931) Control Plane • Signaling through dedicated virtual ciruit = "Outband Signaling" 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 25

  26. Reserved Labels VPI VCI Function 0 0- 15 ITU-T 0 16 - 31 ATM Forum 0 0 Idle Cell 0 3 Segment OAM Cell (F4) 0 4 End-to-End OAM Cell (F4) 0 5 Signaling 0 16 ILMI 0 17 LANE 0 18 PNNI 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 26

  27. Physical Layer  Transmission Convergence (TC) allows simple change of physical media  PDH, SDH, SONET  HEC and cell delineation  Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) cares for (e. g.)  Line coding  Signal conversions 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 27

  28. Interface Examples Standard Speed Medium Comments Encoding Connector Usage SDH STM-1 155,52 Coax 75 Ohm CMI BNC WAN PDH E4 139,264 Coax 75 Ohm CMI BNC WAN PDH DS3 44,736 Coax 75 Ohm B3ZS BNC WAN PDH E3 34,368 Coax 75 Ohm HDB3 BNC WAN PDH E2 8,448 Coax 75 Ohm HDB3 BNC WAN PDH J2 6,312 TP/Coax 110/75 Ohm B6ZS/B8ZS RJ45/BNC WAN PDH E1 2,048 TP/Coax 120/75 Ohm HDB3 9pinD/BNC WAN PDH DS1 1,544 TP 100 Ohm AMI/B8ZS RJ45/RJ48 WAN SDH STM-4 622,08 SM fiber SDH SC LAN/WAN SDH STM-1 155,52 SM fiber SDH ST LAN/WAN SDH STM-1 155,52 MM fiber 62,5 um SDH SC LAN/WAN SDH STM-4 622,08 SM fiber NRZ SC (ST) LAN SDH STM-4 622,08 MM (LED) NRZ SC (ST) LAN SDH STM-4 622,08 MM (Laser) NRZ SC (ST) LAN SDH STM-1 155,52 UTP5 100 Ohm NRZI RJ45 LAN SDH STM1 155,52 STP (Type1) 150 Ohm NRZI 9pinD LAN FIber Channel 155,52 MM fiber 62,5 um 8B/10B LAN TAXI 100 MM Fiber 62,5 um 4B/5B MIC LAN SONET STS1 51,84 UTP3 NRZI RJ45 LAN ATM 25 25,6 UTP3 NRZI RJ45 LAN 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 28

  29. ATM Layer  Multiplexing and demultiplexing of cells according VPI/VCI  Switching of cells  "Label swapping"  Note: origin of MPLS  Error management: OAM cells  Flow Control  Qos negotiation and traffic shaping 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 29

  30. Adaptation Layers  ATM only provides bearer service  ATM cannot be used directly  Applications must use adaption layers to access the ATM layer  Consist of SAR and CS  Part of DTEs only  Transparent for switches (DCEs) 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 30

  31. Adaptation Sub-Layers  Convergence Sublayer (CS)  Service dependent functions (clock recovery, message identification)  Adds special information (e. g. Frame Relay header)  Segmentation and Reassembly (SAR)  You name it... Application 1 Application 2 SSCS SSCS Service Specific CS Service Specific CS Convergence Sublayer (CS) CPCS Common Part Convergence Sublayer 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 31

  32. AAL1  Constant Bit Rate (CBR)  Circuit Emulation  Expensive  Overprovisioning like leased line necessary  Queuing prefers AAL1 cells over all other traffic (in case of congestion) 2005/03/11 (C) Herbert Haas 32

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