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ANALOG AND DIGITAL VIDEO Henning Schulzrinne Columbia University COMS 6181 - Spring 2015 with material from Mark Handley 2 Video & image sources VGA video (computer video output) component video R, G, B + H (horizontal sync),

  1. ANALOG AND DIGITAL VIDEO Henning Schulzrinne Columbia University COMS 6181 - Spring 2015 with material from Mark Handley

  2. 2 Video & image sources • VGA video (computer video output) • component video • R, G, B + H (horizontal sync), V (vertical sync) • Analog video from cameras • NTSC or PAL coded color • composite or component video • Digital images • scanners, copiers and fax machines • digital cameras • Images = still pictures • Video = motion pictures

  3. 3 Example: DVI connector DRe DGr DD d1 C Dred analog 2 RGB + Hsync video only (no audio)

  4. 4 Example: HDMI connector • fully digital signal • audio • video (similar to DVI) • remote control signals • no closed captioning

  5. 5 Analog TV: CRT conductive coating cathode anode phosphor-coated screen shadow mask howstuffworks.com

  6. 6 TFT LCD

  7. 7 Analog TV scan lines vertical retrace

  8. 8 How many frames? • Movies use 24 fps • Not scanned – just photographs • Flicker, with undersampling (stroboscopic) problems • dark environment à less sensitivity to flicker • TV • scanned • fairly bright environment • à use interlacing to reduce flicker Mark Handley

  9. 9 Interlacing

  10. 10 Interlacing artifacts motion scene change www.100fps.com

  11. 11 Composite video white black horizontal retrace vertical: 400-500 µ s howstuffworks.com Wikipedia

  12. 12 Color

  13. 13 Color rods cones metamerism: tristimulus values additive Wikipedia TeXample.net

  14. 14 Subtractive color: printing yellow (complement of blue) magenta cyan (complement of green) (complement of red)

  15. 15 Color representation • Luminance (Y) = brightness • Chrominance • RGB (red, green, blue) • basic analog components • YP b P r (Y, B-Y, R-Y) • color space for component video • YUV • YCbCr • digital representation

  16. 16 Color mapping • True color • RGB in 8 bits each (common) à 16.7 million colors • RGB in 16 bits each à 281 trillion • Eye: 10 million colors • Indexed color • color table • 8 bit index à RGB 24 bit • approximate using dithering • see “web safe colors”

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