Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown Julio D avila - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown Julio D avila - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown Julio D avila 2009 Julio D avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown alternating offers with risk of breakdown assume agents a , b are infinitely patient Julio D


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SLIDE 1

Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

Julio D´ avila 2009

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

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SLIDE 2

alternating offers with risk of breakdown

assume agents a, b are infinitely patient

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

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SLIDE 3

alternating offers with risk of breakdown

assume agents a, b are infinitely patient negociations break down with probability 1 − π any time

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

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SLIDE 4

alternating offers with risk of breakdown

assume agents a, b are infinitely patient negociations break down with probability 1 − π any time

  • utcomes are lotteries [(xa, xb), t], i.e. ”(xa, xb) at date t”

with probability πt, otherwise b

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

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SLIDE 5

alternating offers with risk of breakdown

assume agents a, b are infinitely patient negociations break down with probability 1 − π any time

  • utcomes are lotteries [(xa, xb), t], i.e. ”(xa, xb) at date t”

with probability πt, otherwise b that is to say [(xa, xb), t] = {(xa, xb), b; πt, 1 − πt}

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

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SLIDE 6

preferences over lotteries

agents have rational preferences i over lotteries over S1 ∪ {b} such that

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

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SLIDE 7

preferences over lotteries

agents have rational preferences i over lotteries over S1 ∪ {b} such that 1 breakdown is the worst outcome: i.e. for all [x, p] b i [x, p]

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

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SLIDE 8

preferences over lotteries

agents have rational preferences i over lotteries over S1 ∪ {b} such that 1 breakdown is the worst outcome: i.e. for all [x, p] b i [x, p] 2 VNM representation ui (with u′

i > 0, u′′ i < 0): i.e.

[x, t] i [x′, t′] iff πtui(xi) + (1 − πt)ui(b) ≤ πt′ui(x′

i ) + (1 − πt′)ui(b)

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

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SLIDE 9

preferences over lotteries

agents have rational preferences i over lotteries over S1 ∪ {b} such that 1 breakdown is the worst outcome: i.e. for all [x, p] b i [x, p] 2 VNM representation ui (with u′

i > 0, u′′ i < 0): i.e.

[x, t] i [x′, t′] iff πtui(xi) + (1 − πt)ui(b) ≤ πt′ui(x′

i ) + (1 − πt′)ui(b)

3 normalization ui(b) = 0 = ui(0)

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

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SLIDE 10

preferences over lotteries

agents have rational preferences i over lotteries over S1 ∪ {b} such that 1 breakdown is the worst outcome: i.e. for all [x, p] b i [x, p] 2 VNM representation ui (with u′

i > 0, u′′ i < 0): i.e.

[x, t] i [x′, t′] iff πtui(xi) +(1 − πt)ui(b) ≤ πt′ui(x′

i )+(1 − πt′)ui(b)

3 normalization ui(b) = 0 = ui(0)

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

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SLIDE 11

equivalence to alternating offers without risk

let xi < x′

i

1 i increasing in xi: for all xi < x′

i and t

[x, t] ≺i [x′, t] since πtui(xi) < πtui(x′

i )

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

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SLIDE 12

equivalence to alternating offers without risk

let xi < x′

i

1 i increasing in xi: for all xi < x′

i and t

[x, t] ≺i [x′, t] since πtui(xi) < πtui(x′

i )

2 i decreasing in t: for all xi > 0 and t < t′ [x, t] ≻i [x, t′] since πtui(xi) > πt′ui(xi)

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

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SLIDE 13

equivalence to alternating offers without risk

let xi < x′

i

1 i increasing in xi: for all xi < x′

i and t

[x, t] ≺i [x′, t] since πtui(xi) < πtui(x′

i )

2 i decreasing in t: for all xi > 0 and t < t′ [x, t] ≻i [x, t′] since πtui(xi) > πt′ui(xi) 3 indifference to t if xi = 0: i.e. for all xi = 0 and t ≤ t′, [x, t] ∼i [x, t′] since πtui(0) = πt′ui(0)

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

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SLIDE 14

equivalence to alternating offers without risk

let xi < x′

i

1 i increasing in xi: for all xi < x′

i and t

[x, t] ≺i [x′, t] since πtui(xi) < πtui(x′

i )

2 i decreasing in t: for all xi > 0 and t < t′ [x, t] ≻i [x, t′] since πtui(xi) > πt′ui(xi) 3 indifference to t if xi = 0: i.e. for all xi = 0 and t ≤ t′, [x, t] ∼i [x, t′] since πtui(0) = πt′ui(0) 4 stationarity: if [x, t] i [x′, t′] then, for all k, [x, t + k] i [x′, t′ + k] since πt+kui(xi) ≤ πt′+kui(xi)

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

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SLIDE 15

equivalence to alternating offers without risk

let xi < x′

i

5 continuity: i.e. for all xn → x, x′n → y such that, for all n, [xn, t] i [x′n, t′], [x, t] i [x′, t′] since πtui(xn

i ) ≤ πt′ui(x′n i ) and ui is continuous

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

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SLIDE 16

equivalence to alternating offers without risk

let xi < x′

i

5 continuity: i.e. for all xn → x, x′n → y such that, for all n, [xn, t] i [x′n, t′], [x, t] i [x′, t′] since πtui(xn

i ) ≤ πt′ui(x′n i ) and ui is continuous

6 increasing loss from delays: i.e. for all xi < x′

i ,

xi − φi

i(x, 1) < x′ i − φi i(x′, 1)

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

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SLIDE 17

equivalence to alternating offers without risk

in effect, if xi < x′

i

since [φi(x, 1), 0] ∼i [x, 1] and [φi(x′, 1), 0] ∼i [x′, 1] ui(φi

i[x, 1]) = πui(xi)

ui(φi

i[x′, 1]) = πui(x′ i )

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

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SLIDE 18

equivalence to alternating offers without risk

in effect, if xi < x′

i

since [φi(x, 1), 0] ∼i [x, 1] and [φi(x′, 1), 0] ∼i [x′, 1] −ui(φi

i[x, 1]) = −πui(xi)

−ui(φi

i[x′, 1]) = −πui(x′ i )

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

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SLIDE 19

equivalence to alternating offers without risk

in effect, if xi < x′

i

since [φi(x, 1), 0] ∼i [x, 1] and [φi(x′, 1), 0] ∼i [x′, 1] ui(xi) − ui(φi

i[x, 1]) = ui(xi) − πui(xi)

ui(x′

i ) − ui(φi i[x′, 1]) = ui(x′ i ) − πui(x′ i )

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

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SLIDE 20

equivalence to alternating offers without risk

in effect, if xi < x′

i

since [φi(x, 1), 0] ∼i [x, 1] and [φi(x′, 1), 0] ∼i [x′, 1] ui(xi) − ui(φi

i(x, 1)) = (1 − π)ui(xi)

ui(x′

i ) − ui(φi i(x′, 1)) = (1 − π)ui(x′ i )

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

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SLIDE 21

equivalence to alternating offers without risk

in effect, if xi < x′

i

since [φi(x, 1), 0] ∼i [x, 1] and [φi(x′, 1), 0] ∼i [x′, 1] ui(xi) − ui(φi

i(x, 1)) = (1 − π)ui(xi)

ui(x′

i ) − ui(φi i(x′, 1)) = (1 − π)ui(x′ i )

moreover φi

i(x, 1) < xi and φi i(x′, 1) < x′ i

φi

i(x, 1) < φi i(x′, 1)

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

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SLIDE 22

equivalence to alternating offers without risk

in effect, if xi < x′

i

since [φi(x, 1), 0] ∼i [x, 1] and [φi(x′, 1), 0] ∼i [x′, 1] ui(xi) − ui(φi

i(x, 1)) = (1 − π)ui(xi)

ui(x′

i ) − ui(φi i(x′, 1)) = (1 − π)ui(x′ i )

moreover φi

i(x, 1) < xi and φi i(x′, 1) < x′ i

φi

i(x, 1) < φi i(x′, 1)

and since u′′ < 0 ui(xi) − ui(φi

i(x, 1))

xi − φi

i(x, 1)

> ui(x′

i ) − ui(φi i(x′, 1))

x′

i − φi i(x′, 1)

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

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SLIDE 23

equivalence to alternating offers without risk

in effect, if xi < x′

i

since [φi(x, 1), 0] ∼i [x, 1] and [φi(x′, 1), 0] ∼i [x′, 1] ui(xi) − ui(φi

i(x, 1)) = (1 − π)ui(xi)

ui(x′

i ) − ui(φi i(x′, 1)) = (1 − π)ui(x′ i )

moreover φi

i(x, 1) < xi and φi i(x′, 1) < x′ i

φi

i(x, 1) < φi i(x′, 1)

and since u′′ < 0 (1 − π)ui(xi) xi − φi

i(x, 1) > (1 − π)ui(x′ i )

x′

i − φi i(x′, 1)

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

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SLIDE 24

equivalence to alternating offers without risk

in effect, if xi < x′

i

since [φi(x, 1), 0] ∼i [x, 1] and [φi(x′, 1), 0] ∼i [x′, 1] ui(xi) − ui(φi

i(x, 1)) = (1 − π)ui(xi)

ui(x′

i ) − ui(φi i(x′, 1)) = (1 − π)ui(x′ i )

moreover φi

i(x, 1) < xi and φi i(x′, 1) < x′ i

φi

i(x, 1) < φi i(x′, 1)

and since u′′ < 0 ui(xi) xi − φi

i(x, 1) >

ui(x′

i )

x′

i − φi i(x′, 1)

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

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SLIDE 25

equivalence to alternating offers without risk

in effect, if xi < x′

i

since [φi(x, 1), 0] ∼i [x, 1] and [φi(x′, 1), 0] ∼i [x′, 1] ui(xi) − ui(φi

i(x, 1)) = (1 − π)ui(xi)

ui(x′

i ) − ui(φi i(x′, 1)) = (1 − π)ui(x′ i )

moreover φi

i(x, 1) < xi and φi i(x′, 1) < x′ i

φi

i(x, 1) < φi i(x′, 1)

and since u′′ < 0 and ui(xi) < ui(x′

i ), then

ui(xi) xi − φi

i(x, 1) <

ui(x′

i )

x′

i − φi i(x′, 1)

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

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SLIDE 26

equivalence to alternating offers without risk

in effect, if xi < x′

i

since [φi(x, 1), 0] ∼i [x, 1] and [φi(x′, 1), 0] ∼i [x′, 1] ui(xi) − ui(φi

i(x, 1)) = (1 − π)ui(xi)

ui(x′

i ) − ui(φi i(x′, 1)) = (1 − π)ui(x′ i )

moreover φi

i(x, 1) < xi and φi i(x′, 1) < x′ i

φi

i(x, 1) < φi i(x′, 1)

and since u′′ < 0 and ui(xi) < ui(x′

i ), then

xi − φi

i(x, 1) < x′ i − φi i(x′, 1)

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

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SLIDE 27

existence of a unique subgame perfect equilibrium

in the alternating offers bargaining game with risk of breakdown, the only subgame perfect equilibrium strategies are

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

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SLIDE 28

existence of a unique subgame perfect equilibrium

in the alternating offers bargaining game with risk of breakdown, the only subgame perfect equilibrium strategies are 1 a always offers xa and rejects any xa < xb

a

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

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SLIDE 29

existence of a unique subgame perfect equilibrium

in the alternating offers bargaining game with risk of breakdown, the only subgame perfect equilibrium strategies are 1 a always offers xa and rejects any xa < xb

a

2 b always offers xb and rejects any xb < xa

b

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

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SLIDE 30

existence of a unique subgame perfect equilibrium

in the alternating offers bargaining game with risk of breakdown, the only subgame perfect equilibrium strategies are 1 a always offers xa and rejects any xa < xb

a

2 b always offers xb and rejects any xb < xa

b

with xa, xb being the only ones such that ua(xb

a ) = πua(xa a)

ub(xa

b) = πub(xb b )

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

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SLIDE 31

existence of a unique subgame perfect equilibrium

in the alternating offers bargaining game with risk of breakdown, the only subgame perfect equilibrium strategies are a always offers xa and rejects any xa < xb

a

b always offers xb and rejects any xb < xa

b

with xa, xb being the only ones such that ua(xb

a ) = πua(xa a)

ub(xa

b) = πub(xb b )

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

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SLIDE 32

what has all this to do with the NBS?

with xa, xb being the only ones such that ua(xb

a ) = πua(xa a)

ub(xa

b) = πub(xb b )

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

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SLIDE 33

what has all this to do with the NBS?

ua(xa

a)ub(xa b)=

ua(xa

a)πub(xb b )= πua(xa a)ub(xb b )

= ua(xb

a )ub(xb b )

with xa, xb being the only ones such that ua(xb

a ) = πua(xa a)

ub(xa

b) = πub(xb b )

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

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SLIDE 34

what has all this to do with the NBS?

ua(xa

a)ub(xa b)=

ua(xa

a)πub(xb b )= πua(xa a)ub(xb b )

= ua(xb

a )ub(xb b )

with xa, xb being the only ones such that ua(xb

a ) = πua(xa a)

ub(xa

b) = πub(xb b )

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

slide-35
SLIDE 35

what has all this to do with the NBS?

ua(xa

a)ub(xa b)=

ua(xa

a)πub(xb b )= πua(xa a)ub(xb b )

= ua(xb

a )ub(xb b )

with xa, xb being the only ones such that ua(xb

a ) = πua(xa a)

ub(xa

b) = πub(xb b )

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

slide-36
SLIDE 36

what has all this to do with the NBS?

ua(xa

a)ub(xa b)=

ua(xa

a)πub(xb b )= πua(xa a)ub(xb b )

= ua(xb

a )ub(xb b )

with xa, xb being the only ones such that ua(xb

a ) = πua(xa a)

ub(xa

b) = πub(xb b )

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

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SLIDE 37

what has all this to do with the NBS?

ua(xa

a)ub(xa b) = ua(xb a )ub(xb b )

with xa, xb being the only ones such that ua(xb

a ) = πua(xa a)

ub(xa

b) = πub(xb b )

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

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SLIDE 38

what has all this to do with the NBS?

ua(xa

a)ub(xa b) = ua(xb a )ub(xb b )

lim

π→1

  • ui(xi

i (π)) − ui(xj i (π))

  • with xa, xb being the only ones such that

ua(xb

a ) = πua(xa a)

ub(xa

b) = πub(xb b )

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

slide-39
SLIDE 39

what has all this to do with the NBS?

ua(xa

a)ub(xa b) = ua(xb a )ub(xb b )

lim

π→1

  • ui(xi

i (π)) − πui(xi i (π))

  • = 0

with xa, xb being the only ones such that ua(xb

a ) = πua(xa a)

ub(xa

b) = πub(xb b )

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

slide-40
SLIDE 40

what has all this to do with the NBS?

ua(xa

a)ub(xa b) = ua(xb a )ub(xb b )

lim

π→1

  • ui(xi

i (π)) − πui(xi i (π))

  • = 0

with xa, xb being the only ones such that ua(xb

a ) = πua(xa a)

ub(xa

b) = πub(xb b )

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

slide-41
SLIDE 41

in the space of utilities meanwhile...

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ub ua

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

slide-42
SLIDE 42

in the space of utilities meanwhile...

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xa xa

a

xa

b

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xb xb

a

xb

b

ub ua

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

slide-43
SLIDE 43

in the space of utilities meanwhile...

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xa xa

a

xa

b

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xb xb

a

xb

b

ub ua

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

slide-44
SLIDE 44

in the space of utilities meanwhile...

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xa xa

a

xa

b

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xb xb

a

xb

b

ub ua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

slide-45
SLIDE 45

in the space of utilities meanwhile...

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xa xa

a

xa

b

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xb xb

a

xb

b

ub ua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown

slide-46
SLIDE 46

in the space of utilities meanwhile... the NBS!

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xa xa

a

xa

b

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xb xb

a

xb

b

ub ua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S(U,u)

Julio D´ avila Alternating offers bargaining with risk of breakdown