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A Holistic and Sustainable Care Center
Project Typology - His istory ry & & Trends
Tatiana Acosta | Thayse Darzi | Elisabet Lyon | Esperanza Muino
TYPOLOGY HIS ISTORY
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2TRENDS
GUID IDELINES
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
A Holistic and Sustainable Care Center Project Typology - His - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
A Holistic and Sustainable Care Center Project Typology - His - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
A Holistic and Sustainable Care Center Project Typology - His istory ry & & Trends Tatiana Acosta | Thayse Darzi | Elisabet Lyon | Esperanza Muino 1 TYPOLOGY HIS ISTORY 2 TRENDS 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS GUID IDELINES Typology
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Typology History
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HEALTHCARE HISTORY
According to the medical definition of the Merr erria iam -Webster r Dictionary Hea ealt lthcare is the maintaining and restoration of health by the treatment and prevention of disease especially by trained and licensed professionals..
Healt lthcare Defin inition Orig igins
The healt lthcare has its origin from the beginning of human life on earth. Since then it has been constantly evolving according to the evolution of human beings.
Holi listic Medic icin ine Defin init ition
Holi listic medicine is a form of heali ling that considers the whole le person -- body, mind, spirit, and emotions -- in the quest for
- ptimal health and wellness. According to
the ho holi listic ic medic icin ine phil ilosophy, one can achieve optimal healt lth -- the primary goal
- f holistic medicine practice -- by gaining
proper bal balance in in life.
1
Source: WebMD Health & Balance at webmd.com/balance/guide/what-is-holistic-medicine SLIDE 5
HEALTHCARE TIM IMELINE
1
2600 BC
The Egyptian Imhotep describes the diagnosis and treatment of 200 diseases. Birth of Hippocrates, the Greek father of medicine begins the scientific study- f medicine and prescribes
1010 460 BC
Leonardo da Vinci dissects corpses1489 1670
Avicenna writes The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine James Blundell performs the first successful transfusion of human blood.1818 1796
Edward Jenner develops the process of vaccination for small pox, the first vaccine for any disease. Joseph Lister develops the use of antiseptic surgical methods and publishes Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery1867 1895
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovers x-rays. First vaccine to target a cause of cancer2006 1967
- Dr. Christian Barnard
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1
2500 BC
First herbal remedies and acupuncture techniques are used in Chinese medicine. The start of this medicine dates back to very early days in China. Homeopathic treatments emerge, founded in Germany by Dr. Samuel- Hahnemann. The first form of
- f alternative medicine in the modern
1844 1790s
New York Hygiea-Therapeutic College is the first natural healing medical school that you can ear a medical doctorate at in 4 years. First college to support alternative medicine.1853 2015
American Institute for Homeopathy is formed, which is first medical association in the United States. This is significant because the first medical association for medical purposes to be formed was formed for a branch of alternative medicine. The American Medical Association is not formed until 1847 Naturopathic Physicians Licensing Exams (NPLEX) is- founded. This makes sure
1986 1985
British Medical Association dismisses alternative medicine, which is highly regarded by the doctors of Great Britain. Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners releases their findings on alternative medicine, concluding that it is becoming increasingly popular with both patients and doctors. This shows that despite AMA and BMA claims that it is not scientifically-proven medicine, alternative medicine has is growing.1987 1999
National Council of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) is brought into the National Institutes of Health (NIH) by Congress, which is an official part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Center for Disease Control releases info that 50 percent of Americans use some form Complementary and Alternative Medicine, which shows that popularity continues to grow2007 2004
It is concluded in the longest and largest randomized trial of acupuncture for patients with- steoarthritis in their knees that
HOLISTIC HEALTHCARE TIM IMELINE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21 Figure 22 SLIDE 7
HOLISTIC MEDICINE VS TRADITIONAL MEDICINE
Holis listic ic Medici icine
Trad aditional Medicin ine
Philo ilosophy
Based on the integration of allopathic (MD),- steopathic (DO), naturopathic (ND), energy, and
Prim rimary Objecti tive e of
- f Ca
Care
To promote optimal health and as a by-product, to prevent and treat disease. To cure or mitigate disease.Prim rimary Meth thod of
- f Ca
Care
Empower patients to heal themselves by addressing the causes of their disease and facilitating lifestyle changes through health promotion. Focus on the elimination of physical symptoms.Dia Diagn gnosis
Evaluate the whole person through holistic medical history, holistic health score sheet, physical exam, lab data. Evaluate the body with history, physical exam, lab data.Prim rimary Ca Care e Treatment Optio tions
Love applied to body, mind, and spirit with: diet, exercise, environmental measures, attitudinal and behavioral modifications, relationship and spiritual counseling, bioenergy enhancement. Drugs and surgerySec econdary Ca Care Treatment Optio tions
Botanical (herbal) medicine, homeopathy, acupuncture, manual medicine, biomolecular therapies, physical therapy, drugs, and surgery. Diet, exercise, physical therapy, and stress management.Weaknesses
Shortage of holistic physicians and training programs; time-intensive, requiring a commitment to a healing process, not a quick-fix. Ineffective in preventing and curing chronic disease; expensive.Str trength ths
Teaches patients to take responsibility for their own health, and in so doing is: cost-effective in treating both acute and chronic illness; therapeutic in preventing and treating chronic disease; essential in creating optimal health. Highly therapeutic in treating both acute and life- threatening illness and injuries. This information was adapted from material that Dr. Ivker created during his term as president of the Ame Americ ican Ho Holistic ic Med Medic ical l As Associa iatio ion (1996 – 1999). It originally appeared in the Winter 1999 issue of “Holistic Medicine: The Journal of The American Holistic Medical Association” and was updated for AHHA in June of 2010. SLIDE 8
HOLISTIC HEALTHCARE H HISTORY
Th Ther ere ar are e thr three an ancie ient med edic ical l tr trad adit itions in n hol holis istic ic he health th:
Source: http://www.naturalhealers.com/holistic-health-history/Holis istic healt lth practitioners have many different approaches when it comes to healing, They have an idea that healing is most efficient when you focus on the whole person, instead of illnesses, body parts or warnings. As Socrates es said in the 4th century B.C., “the part rt can never be be well ell unles less th the whole le is is well ell.” Anci cien ent Root
- ots of
- f Ho
Holi listic He Health th Before there was penicil illin in or
- r x-rays, healers focused on the
importance of emotional and spiritual health to attain physical well
- being. Two of the better known holistic methods are traditional
Chinese medicine and Ayurveda. TCM dates back 5,000 000 years ago and has continued into a sophisticated system of preventative methods that treat a variety of symptoms. From its origins, TCM considered the human body as small universe of mutually dependent systems. The most important elements are “ qi qi “ which is life force and “shen en” which is a spirit. Ayurveda – Ayurveda originates from India. It is an ancient medical tradition which derives from a script written by sushruta known as the “ father of
- f surgery“ in
in 6th th century ry B.C. The healing procedure combines beliefs in the five great elements of the universe which are the seven essential factors of the body and the three “doshas”
- r biological spirits that each symbolize.
Herbal medicine – Herbal medicine gives importance to holistic balance and is the most ancient form of healthcare known to
- humanity. People of indigenous background have used herbs
to extract its medicinal components. Herbalism is a variable element of TCM CM an an Ayurveda.
Figure 23 Figure 24 SLIDE 9
HOLISTIC HEALTHCARE TODAY
Personalized Holistic Health Plan http://dupress.com/articles/2012-survey-of-u-s-health-care-consumers- five-year-look-back/We live in a time of great uncertainty. There are more toxic chemicals in our food and environment than before. The reason is most people are not eating a balanced
- meal. Also, people are not exercising enough to
maintain an ideal weight. The reason is that life has become all work and people need to learn to handle stress better. The symptoms that occur are anxiety and mild depression. People are worried about their health and are looking for alternative methods to alleviate their stress. There are now more options than ever for people to achieve better wellness. Many professionals are being trained in holistic
- health. People are going to see an acupuncture
specialist and nutrionists that will help them solve their issues.
Source: Share International, American Holistic Health Association SLIDE 10
Trends- Alternative Medicine Wellness & Fitness
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HOLISTIC HEALTHCARE ALTERNATIVES
Acupuncture Homeopathy/Herbal l Medic icin ine Yoga Chir iropractic
The use of very fine, high-quality needles inserted into specific points along acupuncture meridians (channels or pathways that carry energy through the body. The goal of the acupuncture is to restore balance to the body. An example of an imbalance might be too much heat or too much cold in the body. Usually prescribed as a combin inatio ion of
- f herbs known as an
herbal formula, which has a medicinal effect with few sid ide
- effects. The herbs can be in pill form or as “raw” herbs. Raw
herbs refer to individual herbs, for example, dried roots, leaves or flowers, which are prescribed to be cooked together to make a custom formula.
2
According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, Yoga is a system of physical postures, breathing techniques, and meditation derived from a Hindu theistic phil ilosophy but
- ften practiced independently especially in Western
cultures to promote bodily or mental control and well- being A method of treating people who are sick
- r in pain by pushing and moving bones in
the spine and joints
Source: Merriam-Webster's Learner's Dictionary Source: Holistic Primary Care/http://holisticpc.com/ Source: Holistic Primary Care/http://holisticpc.com/
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Cuppin ing Moxib ibustion Hot/Cold ld Therapy NMT Massage/Spa
The inside of a special cup is heated to produce a vacuum, then rubbed or place on the skin to help promote blood circulation. Cuppin ing is an effective treatment to remove pathogens if used at the beginning of a common cold. A concentrated form of heat infused with healing herbs which are used to stimulate acupuncture points, direct qi and provide energy to the body.
A specialized form of massage therapy that is used to work on soft tissue (muscles, tendons and connective tissue such as fascia), which in turn helps balance the central nervous system. This therapy can help alleviate pain due to trigger points in the muscles which block the tissues from getting the proper blood and nourishment. A Neur uromuscular ther erapis ist addresses musculoskeletal imbalances that may be creating poor postural alignment, as well as working with injuries, repetitive stress, and chronic pain and stiffness.
This may be infrared heat lamp therapy, or a form of treatment that combines hot and cold packs to relieve inflammation, reduce swelling, and increase circulation to reduce pain and promote healing.
2
Source: Holistic Primary Care/http://holisticpc.com/ Source: Holistic Primary Care/http://holisticpc.com/ Source: Holistic Primary Care/http://holisticpc.com/ Source: Holistic Primary Care/http://holisticpc.com/
HOLISTIC HEALTHCARE ALTERNATIVES CONT.
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HOLISTIC HEALTHCARE ALTERNATIVES CONT.
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Functional Medicine
Functio ional Medicin ine, like Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), addresses the whole person, not just an isolated set of symptoms, to look for underlying causes of
- disease. The Kalish Method is a functional medicin
ine la lab- based health approach focused on addressing five common conditions – weight gain, fatigue, depression, female hormone and digestive problems – through restoring the three main body systems: hormones, digestion and detoxification.
Ele lectro Stim imulation
A mild electrical current applied by way of acupuncture needles to provide a steady, precise therapeutic stimulation of selected acupuncture points and local areas.
Source: Holistic Primary Care/http://holisticpc.com/ Source: Holistic Primary Care/http://holisticpc.com/
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Trends- Sustainability
Energy-Water Conservation Materials & Waste Management
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TRENDS - SUSTAINABILITY IN IN HEALTHCARE
2
Healt lthcare and sustain inabili lity go hand in hand. Thanks to scientific progress, we try to combat some diseases more effectively than before, but we cause more side effects on health and the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to apply the precautionary pr princip iples or
- r preventio
ion methods and substit itute hazardous substances with safer for healt lth and en envir ironmentally ly frie friendly alternatives (Guenther, R. 2006).). Basically, the idea is to reduce and elim imin inate all forms of contamin ination in in medical pr practices, improving the quali lity of
- f
care users and the safety of health workers with the utmost respect of the social and natural environment where they are located. We are looking for hospitals ls to become le leaders and role le models ls for healt lthie ier li life style les, where su sustain inabil ilit ity is a great all
- lly. This can be done by simple basics: Providing or
- rganic food,
recycli ling waste and eliminating the poor handling
- f
materials. Green buil ildings and world of healt lthcare have a common mission: to pr protect and pr promote healt
- lth. We cannot have
healthy people if we do not have clean air ir, water and soil
- il. For
more than 70 years, our healthcare system has been frozen in time by a massive industrial design that has little to do with
- health. Then we can tr
transform rm this 20 20th th century ry industrial healt lthcare model into a system that rather than delivers sick care goes to a one
- ne tha
that bui build lds ac actu tual he health.
Figure 25 SLIDE 16
2
Environmental Sustainability in Hospitals: The Value of Efficiency 18,19,20.SUSTAINABILITY IM IMPROVEMENTS
Energy Reducing energy consumption diminishes utility costs and helps the natural environment. Alternative energy sources will help in lowering costs for all consumers. Creating alternative energy resources is important because it creates lower costs and can reduce utility costs. Water Water is an important factor in hospitals. It is important for hospitals to consume water since it is
- ne of their most utilized resources. There needs to be better hygiene in faucets to prevent
infections Water technologies are important because it enables people to use water more efficiently. Supply chain Managers have to consider a more holistic strategy when trying to find ways to reduce the carbon
- footprint. A hospital needs to become more environmental friend and reduce waste consumption.
Also, it needs to have better policies when it comes to bringing in chemicals. Waste Waste is a major issue when it is not controlled adequately. Waste management programs need to be adopted by hospitals to reduce disposal costs. A hospital can start a recycling program and implement a system that promotes less usage of needless and sharp objects.
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2
Stress is a physiological factor that affects many people and causes many physical and emotional impacts on everyday
- life. It is important to understand the relationship between
stress and our natural environment. In addition, it is important to determine how natural and sustainable settings can be helpful in finding ways to alleviate stress. Urban natural environments and sustainable built environments influence a person’s well- being. It is important to understand that exposur ure to to natural and and sustainable le envir ironments can help lp reduce stress in someone (Beil, K., & Hanes, D. 2013). The building environment can have both negative and positive impacts on the occupants' quality of life. Negativ ive impacts include il illn lness, absenteeis ism, fatig igue, dis iscomfort, str tress, and and dis istractions resulting from poor in indoor air ir quali lity, thermal condit itionin ing, g, lig ightin ing, g, and specific aspects
- f
interior space design (e.g., materia ials ls sele lectio ions, furnis ishin ings, and and personnel densit itie ies). Reducing these problems through sustainable le desig ign often improves healt lth and performance. Im Improved in indoor air ir quali lity and increased personal control of temperatures and ventilation have strong positive effects. In addition to reducing risks and discomforts, buildings should also contain features and attributes that create posit itiv ive psycholo logic ical and and socia ial exp xperie iences.
SUSTAINABILITY & STRESS
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Trends- Technology
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TRENDS ALTERNATIVES - TECHNOLOGY
Homeopathy/Herbal l Medic icin ine Yoga Chir iropractic
Modernization of acupuncture is a contemporary issue. The bridging between Eastern and Western medicine was successful using modern biomedical engi gineerin ing technology, Acupuncture has been used for medical treatment for thousands of years. Using ele lectroacupuncture, needle or laser need edle sti timulati tion, and modern biomedical techniq iques es, it was possible for the first time to quantify changes in biological activities caused by acupuncture.
2
Yoga, a several thousand year old discipline is going high-tech in many ways. Videos, Apps, yoga software, high-tech gears, yoga clothing, yoga video games are some of the most used actually.
- Hatha
- Vinyasa: Sequence of poses.
- Iyengar: The use of props.
- Bikram: 26 poses in a high temperature room. Breathing techniques.
- Kundalini: Spiritual practice. Focus on meditation and chakras
- Power Yoga
- Acro Yoga
Chiropractic philosophies were developed by the ancient Greeks, and the basic underlying techniques for alignment of the human spine to improve overall wellness hasn’t changed much over time. New Technolo logical Advances in in Chir iropractic Health Car Care:
- PulStar G3 Musculoskeletal: Computer precision
multiple impulse therapy.
- Spinal decompression system
- Acustic Compression
- Posture Rehab
- Cold Laser Therapy
Acupuncture
Homeopathy first became popular in Europe and the United States primarily because of the astounding successes it had in treating people during vario ious in infecti tious dis isease epidemics in in the 19 19th th century. The death rates in the homeopathic ic hospitals ls from cholera, scarle let fever, typhoid, yello llow fever, pneumonia ia, and others was typically one-half lf to to even one-eig ighth that in con
- nventional medical hos
hospitals. Sim imila larly ly results ts were also observed in mental insti titutio ions and prisons under the care of
- f homeopathic physicians as compared to those under the care of
conventional doctors.
https://www.homeopathic.com/Articles/Homeopathi c_research/Homeopathic_Medicine_is_Nanopharma cology.html Figure 26 Figure 27 Figure 28 Figure 29 SLIDE 20
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TRENDS ALTERNATIVES – TECHNOLOGY CONT.
Cuppin ing Moxib ibustion NMT Massage/Spa
The traditional Moxibustion therapy consists of 3 different techniques which are still in practice today. These are: Needle Moxibustion, Direct Moxibustion and Indirect Moxibustion. The Moxibustion has evolved and new technologies have brought new high-tech techniques into this therapy. These are:
- Heat conduction treatment device (Disk Shape)
- Heat conduction treatment device (Portable Disk)
- Heat conduction treatment device (Pencil Shape)
- Radiation heating treatment device (Heating lamp)
This therapy involves changes in pressure level, concentrating in areas of muscle spam. It doesn’t require equipment since all neuromuscular massage therapy are usually applied by knuckles, elbow and fingers.
http://www.gardenviewmassage.com/services_deep_tissue_nmt.htmlThe most important tool for this therapy are the cupping
- sets. This cups vary in materials such as: gl
glass, plastic, sil ilicone
- r
- r bamboo. Also, there are other devices such as: ele
lectronic cuppin ing sets ts for automatic suction, pistol hand set and magnetic ic sucti ction set.
https://www.cuppingresource.com/product/twist-on-magnetic-suction- cupping-8-cups/ Figure 30 Figure 31 SLIDE 21
2
Ele lectro Stim imulation Functional Medicine Ele lectro Stim imulation
TRENDS ALTERNATIVES – TECHNOLOGY CONT.
Sources: http://fxmedicinecenter.com/functional-medicine/ http://fxmedicinecenter.com/insight/ To better understand functional medicine, understanding the origins, prevention, and treatment of complex, and chronic disease is needed. Functional Medicine Approach: Patient-centered care. Where the main focus is on the patient, and how health can be promoted as a positive vitality. To be able to achieve this approach, listening and learning about patient’s story is crucial, so the practitioner can bring the patient into the discovery process and tailors treatments that address the individual’s unique needs. An integrative, science-based healthcare approach. Considers the complex web of interactions in the patient’s history, physiology, and lifestyle that probably lead the patient to illness, or any other health problem. The unique genetic makeup of each patient is considered, along with both internal (mind, body, and spirit) and external (physical and social environment) factors that affect total functioning. Integrating best medical practices. This medicine take part of the traditional Western medical practices. The Insight is certified by NASA as Certified Space Technology and it helps us establish a reliable, scientifically valid, and quantitative representation of your condition – something never before possible. We can now analyze your condition more accurately, communicate your findings more effectively, and closely monitor the effectiveness of your treatment. Source: http://www.advanceaquaticpt.com/electric-stimulation/ Electric stimulation is a therapeutic treatment that treats muscles, spams, and pain. Through using it, atrophy can be avoided and strength can be build. Electric stimulation can be muscular, general and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). The muscular type of electric stimulation seeks to strengthen the muscles by reducing muscle spasms. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is usually used on chronic pain treatment. Galvanic stimulation is another electric stimulation type that works by applying pulsed electric recent affected body tissues in stimulating muscle contractions.. Figure 32 Figure 33 SLIDE 22
Typology Design Precedent
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Evolution Yoga Atlanta This 4,000 sq. ft. space includes two yoga rooms for hot yoga and non-hot styles of yoga, changing rooms with multiple showers, well-lit vanities and retail including active wear and accessories. Chiropractic Office Floor Plan Example Spa at Cragun’s Resort Minnesota
3
DESIGN PRECEDENTS
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Guidelines
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3
According to our research and using the case study (Holistic Primary Care in Miami Beach) and some space planning of a chiropractic office, a Yoga studio and the basics from a spa facility, we can state that:
- Research provides evidence that Fitness & Wellness are important to
implement in a Holistic Care facility. Location is important and proper placement of facilities much be designed for the area in mind.
- The service of a holistic care facility with the appropriated design and
equipment can contribute to reduce stress levels.
- It is important the relationship between body and mind health. Taking
this is mind it is possible the implementation of a spa facility in an alternative clinic, consolidating a comprehensive holistic center.
- Information provided is evidence that Sustainability is important to
implement in a holistic care setting.
- Some of the basics areas can be:
- Reception Desk and Welcome area
- Reservations and Scheduling
- Retail herbal pharmacy/Spa Boutique
- Men’s and Women’s Locker Rooms
- Dry Treatment Rooms (acupuncture, Chiropractic,
homeopathy)
- Wet Treatment Rooms
- Massage Room
- Yoga Room
- Treatment Showers and Baths
- Treatment Waiting Area
- Treatment Lab
- Some optional spaces:
- Private Relaxation/Meditation Areas
- Men’s and Women’s Wet Areas
- Common Wet Areas
- Movement Studio
- Fitness Equipment Studio
- Swimming Pools and Aquatics
- Administrative Offices
- Staff Lounge
- Storage Areas
- Laundry Room
- Spa Café and Juice Bar
- Beauty Salon
- We believe that the advances in technology could help better
serve the patient in control of:
- Room temperature,
- Self appointment set off
- Product purchases,
- Service reservation
- Music played in treatment room,
- Quick efficient survey and or comments for the center
CONCLUSION
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REFERENCES
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REFERENCES
*, N. (2016) Timeline of alternative medicine. Available at: http://blogs.uoregon.edu/mgilmanw14gateway/timeline/ (Accessed: 13 September 2016). 2012 survey of US healthcare consumers: 5-year look back (2008) Available at: http://dupress.com/articles/2012-survey-of-u-s- health-care-consumers- five-year-look-back/ (Accessed: 13 September 2016). Association, A.H.H. (2016) Self-help tools. Available at: http://ahha.org/selfhelp-tools/ (Accessed: 13 September 2016). Deep tissue massage Decatur, GA (no date) Available at: http://www.gardenviewmassage.com/services_deep_tissue_nmt.html (Accessed: 13 September 2016). Directories, A.S. (2015) History of holistic health | holistic health practitioner. Available at: http://www.naturalhealers.com/holistic-health-history/ (Accessed: 13 September 2016). Figge, F. and Hahn, T. (2004) ‘Sustainable value Added—measuring corporate contributions to sustainability beyond eco-efficiency’, Ecological Economics, 48(2), pp. 173–187. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2003.08.005. Holistic medicine: What it is, treatments, philosophy, and more (2005) Available at: http://www.webmd.com/balance/guide/what-is-holistic-medicine (Accessed: 13 September 2016). Homeopathic (2016) Homeopathic medicine is Nanopharmacology. Available at: https://www.homeopathic.com/Articles/Homeopathic_research/Homeopathic_Medicine_is_Nanopharmacology.html (Accessed: 13 September 2016). Hyjek, S. (2013a) Functional medicine in orange county - the functional medicine center. Available at: http://fxmedicinecenter.com/functional-medicine/ (Accessed: 13 September 2016). Litscher, G., Gao, X.-Y., Wang, L. and Zhu, B. (2012a) ‘High-tech acupuncture and integrative laser medicine’, 2012. Merriam-Webster (2015) Definition of HEALTH CARE. Available at: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/health%20care (Accessed: 13 September 2016). Physical, A. and Therapy, A. (2016) Electric stimulation - alternative physical therapy treatments. Available at: http://www.advanceaquaticpt.com/electric- stimulation/ (Accessed: 13 September 2016). Seki, T., Okajima, J., Kikuchi, A., Takayama, S., Watanabe, M., Kusuyama, H., Matsuda, A., Kaneko, S., Kamiya, T., Komiya, A., Fujiwara, M., Yaegasi, N., Yambe, T. and Maruyam, S. (2013) ‘High-tech equipment for Moxibustion in modern medicine’, in Acupuncture in Modern Medicine. InTech, . Serving Miami shores and Miami Beach (no date) Available at: http://holisticpc.com/ (Accessed: 13 September 2016). Team, T.E. (no date) Ibn Sina’s the canon of medicine. Available at: http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/ibn-sinas-canon-medicine (Accessed: 13 September 2016). The insight - the functional medicine center (2016) Available at: http://fxmedicinecenter.com/insight/ (Accessed: 13 September 2016). Themes, C. (2016a) Twist-on magnetic suction Cupping – 8 cups. Available at: https://www.cuppingresource.com/product/twist-on-magnetic-suction- cupping-8-cups/ (Accessed: 13 September 2016). (Welcome to LIU’S ACUPUNCTURE CENTER (no date) Available at: http://liusacupuncture.com/ (Accessed: 13 September 2016). SLIDE 28
FIG IGURES
Figure 1. Ancient Egyptian. (No Date) Available at: Dawkins, Y. (2014) 12 African inventions that changed the world. Available at: http://atlantablackstar.com/2014/10/01/12-african-inventions-that-changed-the-world/ (Accessed: 13 September 2016). Figure 2. The Canon of Medicine. Team, T.E. (no date) Ibn Sina’s the canon of medicine. Available at: http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/ibn-sinas-canon-medicine (Accessed: 13 September 2016). Figure 3. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek Blood Cells. Anton van Leeuwenhoek. (no date) Available at: http://discoveries- project.weebly.com/anton-van-leeuwenhoek.html (Accessed: 13 September 2016). Figure 4. James Blundell performs the first blood transfusion. Tanchanco, R. (2016) The surprising story of the First blood- transfusion. Available at: http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/158365 (Accessed: 13 September 2016).
- healing. Available at: http://spiritsciencehealing.com/homeopathic-gallery/# (Accessed: 13 September 2016).
- All the Info Graphics are available at: https://thenounproject.com/
- Homeopathy. Available at: http://www.wholehealthnow.com/bios/samuel-hahnemann.html (Accessed: 13 September