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  2. @.A*B$(6(+"C$<.%).A&*$$ • 1$'.%B"$4%&4&%A&*$&D$+%&4)/.'$9)%0$(4"/)"($.%"$ C&*&B.C&8($5)+,$9)4.%"*+.'$/.%"$ • E.%B"$<.%).A&*$)*$+,"$+64"$.*0$"#+"*+$&D$4.%"*+.'$ /.%"$ • F.G"%*$&D$+"%%)+&%).'$0"D"*("$.*0$4.%"*+.'$/.%"$ (,.%)*B$<.%)"($5)+,$"/&'&B)/.'$/&*0)A&*($

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  6. Study species $ Fasciated antshrikes • Socially monogamous • Territorial year-round • Male & female song

  7. !)*B)*B$.*0$4.%"*+.'$/.%"$9",.<)&%$ • P&$D"C.'"($()*BQ0"D"*0$+"%%)+&%)"($.($D%"R8"*+'6$.($ +,"$C.'"(S$ • P&$C.'"($(,.%"$"R8.''6$5)+,$*"(+$98)'0)*B$.*0$ )*/89.A&*S$$

  8. Study site $ 20 breeding pairs Pipeline Rd or Soberania Park, near Gamboa, Panama T.C9&.$ V8"9%.0.$ W8.*$ T%.*0"$ UMMC $

  9. Singing behavior $ February-September, dry & wet seasons 30-90 min/pair, every 3-4 days ?)C"$K("/O$ D"C.'"$ C.'"$ D"C.'"$ C.'"$

  10. Nesting - “whisper” song $ • prior to and during nest building and egg laying ?)C"$K("/O$

  11. Parental care $ • Nest construction - number of trips with nest material • Incubation - proportion of time on the nest during the day 5 pairs during nest building, 26.4 hrs 9 pairs during incubation, 76.2 hrs 14 pairs, 16.9 hrs of singing

  12. H"(8'+($7$!)*B)*B$"X&%+$&<"%$+,"$6".%$ *$Y$NZ$4.)%($ [%""0)*B$ )*)A.A&*$ 0.5 ! males ! females ! ! ! 0.4 Proportion of time spent singing ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.3 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.2 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.1 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.0 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Day of year

  13. 1%"$C.'"($C&%"$')2"'6$+&$()*BS$ *$Y$NZ$4.)%(3$N^_b$,&8%($&D$()*B)*B$ 1.0 ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.8 ! ! Proportion of song bout singing ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.6 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.4 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.2 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0.0 ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Day of year @)#"0$C&0"'$'&B)(A/$%"B%"(()&*\$]$Y$^_L`3$F$a$M_MMN$$$

  14. [%""0)*B$ c&*7[%""0)*B$ B NB ! ! 30 ! ! ! ! ! Song duration (min) ! 20 ! ! ! ! ! 10 ! ! ! ! 0 ! Females Males Females Males @)#"0$C&0"'\$5,&'"$C&0"'$- Z3Ndd $Y$NZ`_e3$F$a$M_MMNf$("#\$- L3Ndd $Y$^d_`3$F$a$M_MMN$$$$

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